Analysis of Social Class

Paper #2 Analysis of Stratification Social Class Introduction This paper will describe this student’s informed opinion regarding the class structure in the United States in terms of social class. Prior to researching for this paper this student did not think much about social class. However after knowing what she now knows it seems impossible to not realize the stratification in society. This paper will discuss key terms, additional readings, new knowledge regarding social class, and a critique of class structure. Class structureSociety is divided into seven sections: The super rich, wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, working class, the working poor, and the underclass. The super rich includes the persons who have benefits such as: A social register, alumni set asides at Ivy League schools, interlocking corporate boards of directors, and whose incomes are over $250,000. The wealthy class includes those with incomes over $200,000, children in private schools, and servants. The upper middle class includes approximately 23% of the households in the United States.The incomes in this class of society range from $75,000 to $199,000. They are highly educated and professional, and active in local politics. The lower middle class is the most diverse class and is typically comprised of teachers, nurses, firefighters, police officers, and office workers. Their annual incomes range from $50,000 to $74,999. Their children can only attend college with work-study or student loans. The working class or â€Å"blue collar class† of society have jobs, not careers, as factory workers or clerical workers, or in hospitality and tourism.The working class comprises 27% of the class structure. The children of the working class attend a community college for two years but are not likely to graduate. The working poor’s annual income does not exceed $25,000, they have unstable work without benefits, and include the highest percentage of people of color. The last class of society as outlined by Dr. Armstead, is the underclass. This class is growing rapidly. It includes about 15. 6 million unskilled workers and unemployed young mothers.There are other economic stratification systems which include: Closed systems, open systems, Marxian model, and Weberian model. People born into a closed system are assigned their class position at birth and will never have an opportunity to better their situation. An example of this is India’s cast system. Those individuals living in an open system have an opportunity to move from one social class to another. No system is completely open or closed. The Marxian model divides society into four classes: capitalist class, managerial class, small business class, and the working class.The Weberian model divides society into six sections: upper class, upper middle class, middle class, working class, working poor, and underclass. Additional Readings There are different social and economic lifestyles am ong the social classes. For example, Dr. William Domhoff believes the elite class of society sticks together by relaxing and socializing with each other at exclusive places such as The Bohemian Grove in California. Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich went undercover as an unskilled worker posing as a cleaning lady, waitress, nursing home aid, hotel maid, and Wal-Mart sales clerk.Through her journey, readers were able to see what â€Å"prosperity† looks like through the eyes of the lowest level workers. The root causes of inequality are still not entirely understood as D. Weinberg explains in â€Å"A Brief Look at Postwar U. S Income Inequality. † One of the factors that influence inequality is the wage distribution has become considerably more unequal with more highly skilled, trained, and educated at the top experiencing real wage gains and those at the bottom experiencing real wage losses (P60-191 3).Also divorces, births out of wedlock, and the increasing age at first mar riage have led to a shift away from married couple households and toward single parent household, which typically have lower incomes. What Was Learned Just like H. Gans in his â€Å"The Uses Of Poverty†, this student too thought it would be impossible to find the positive functions of poverty. Without the poor, who would do the â€Å"dirty work†? Such as field working or truck farming. Gans explains an interesting function of poverty which is that the poor help keep the rich busy. Society uses the poor as beneficiaries of charity affairs.One more example outlined by Gans is, since the poor are powerless they absorb the costs of change and growth in American society. They are pushed out of their neighborhood to make room for progress which includes express ways, hospitals, and universities. The poor are important in their own ways. The poor pick the tomatoes that the rich eat. Even though the rich may eat organic tomatoes, both chew and swallow tomatoes in the same way. This student acknowledges that there are indeed distinct social classes; however each class has its own distinct and important role in society.Critique of Class Structure Like a cast system, J. Rawls explains that most Americans raised at the top or bottom are likely to stay there as adults. The graph in the power point lessons shows a small deviation however the majority of society tends to stay in the class which they were born into. Of course social class in the United States does not compare to India’s cast system because in the United States, there is much much more opportunity to better your situation. Another eye opening aspect of this project was B. Ehrenreich’s book.It was interesting to see how the low paid jobs which are considered â€Å"unskilled† actually require a lot of skill. Even the lowest paid job, requires exhausting mental and muscular effort. As D. Weinberg said, what if food stamps and welfare checks were added into the definition of inco me? If the definition of income was broadened, would any of the class percentages change? The way our society is divided there are some negative aspects such as: Poor neighborhoods have run down schools unlike upper class neighborhoods, whose schools have well maintained lawns and graffiti free walls.Also these underclass neighborhoods are high in crime. Until only recently have poorer neighborhoods in Miami held farmers markets and book fairs. In this student’s ideal society, most of society would be middle class, leaving political agendas and the running of huge corporations up to the super rich. This student feels badly about assigning some people to the underclass of this â€Å"ideal† society, but she understands now that the poor play an essential part of a healthy society.Between the facts provided in the various power point lessons and the additional reading assigned, one is able to formulate their own opinion about society in the United States and its different class divisions. This paper has described this student’s informed opinion regarding the class structure in the United States in terms of social class. The seven key terms, super rich, wealthy, upper middle class, lower middle class, working class, the working poor, and the underclass have been explained, and additional readings have been discussed.All of this along with new knowledge regarding social class has enabled this student to critique the class structure in the United States. It is important that when studying or speaking with others about societal class division, that the speaker and listener keep an open mind. One can hope for equality for all, but as Dr. Armstead explains, total equality for all is impossible; however fairness for all is achievable. Citations Hunt, Elgin and Colander, David. (2011). Social Science: An Introduction to the Study of Society. 14th Edition. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. www. trinity. edu/mkearl/strat. html www. census. gov

How Does the Prologue at the Start of Romeo and Juliet Create Suspense?

How does the Prologue at the start of Romeo and Juliet create suspense? William Shakespeare, writer of Romeo and Juliet, creates suspense through the use of different techniques. Shakespeare is very particular in his choice of diction, by wisely picking specific vocabulary to create an atmosphere. It is usual that a Greek tragedy, such as Romeo and Juliet, contains a Prologue to set the tone for the rest of the play. Shakespeare wrote the Prologue in a Sonnet form using Iambic Pentameter, which contains 10 syllables per line.Iambic Pentameter uses of unstressed and stressed syllables to create a rhythm or flow to the Prologue. The rhyming ABAB pattern is used throughout the whole poem except the two last lines, which are rhyming couplet. Shakespeare used this type of writing to copy a real life speech, as this would be the case when someone did a public reading of the Prologue. The sonnet form normally informs that the play will be about love, suggesting to the audience what kind of play they are about to watch. Like every play that contains love, Shakespeare also includes a certain amount of hate, to create drama.At the beginning of the paragraph Shakespeare creates suspension at the opening sentence. The way in which Shakespeare uses his rhyming techniques draws a big attention to the opening phrase, â€Å"two household† families. The diction â€Å"two† emphases that the poem is about two families off the same standards, which may have some kind of conflict between them. It then briefly describes the two families Capulet and Montague’s; hinting that two families are similar in a way that they are all respected since they are â€Å"both alike in dignity†.By using the term â€Å"alike† suggests that they are to the same degree, none of them are superior. This opening sentence creates suspense because Shakespeare doesn’t reveal what would be the conflict between the two families or why are they alike in dignity. On the o ther hand, on the second line the â€Å"fair Verona† which is the place where the scene is laid out is a place of beauty, Verona is known as an Italian city that has a splendid beauty. This contrast between the beauty of Verona and what seems as a conflict between the two families generates a tense atmosphere.Yet, the â€Å"grudge† between them causes a negative mood. The diction â€Å"grudge† connotes the hatred between the two families; an old disagreement between the families will soon turn to a new conflict; it may include violence and drama. Shakespeare used the first 3 lines of the Prologue to describe the families’ feud and give an introduction to the readers of the main families in Verona. Shakespeare used alliteration of the repetition of the letter ‘F’ on the begging of words. The alliteration on the 5th line demonstrates they were born cursed from their enemies meaning they are â€Å"fatal lions of these two foes†.The dictio n â€Å"fatal† implies that both lovers were born doomed for a bad ending, this tense atmosphere is created due to the unknown ending of how the love between two cursed enemies end. The alliteration also changed the topic from the families feud to the introduction of the two lovers. The 6th line states that from these two houses, two â€Å"star-cross’d† lovers will appear. The terminology â€Å"cross’d† connotes that the whole universe is against them, meaning they have every possible reason to give up but their love bring them together.It also foreshadows that a death will occur. The fact that the families do not get along and they still try to make their love work creates suspension because it keeps a constant feeling that the hate between the families will ruin the lovers love. On the middle of the poem, Shakespeare refers that the lovers â€Å"death† would â€Å"bury their parents’ strife†. The expression â€Å"death† symbolizes the end of life; this strong term advises that the â€Å"death† of the lovers would â€Å"bury† the anger between the two families and they would agree to stop quarrelling.This sentence creates a negative mood due to the reason that both lovers would die and both families would become friendly again. The â€Å"continuance of their parents’ rage† indicates that the uncontrolled emotion could cause violence between the two families and end up in death. The fact that the spectators already know that there could be death crafts a tone of suspense. The ending of the prologue informs the audience that the above outlined plot is about to be performed and gives a hint as to how long it will last.The 13th and 14th line, last lines of the Prologue, asks for the audience patience. All these techniques and detailed vocabulary William Shakespeare uses in the Prologue creates suspense and a contrast between loves and hate atmosphere. Conclusively, the most effective techniques Shakespeare used in the Prologue were the precise use of vocabulary that hinted what would happen and introduced the story in a dramatic way. Also, Shakespeare uses a lot of foreshadowing; these two techniques created suspense and an atmosphere to the Prologue.Shakespeare used a Prologue to introduce to the reader a general summary of what the play is about. When the reader first reads the prologue, it is attracted to continue reading the play even if Shakespeare’s vocabulary is not easy to understand. The impact the Prologue has on the audience is the suspense Shakespeare created leaves the reader curious and with the will to continue watching the play. Overall, the way Shakespeare expresses himself with different and exact vocabulary creates suspense. By: Gabriela Matarazzo

Modern Technology Has Made Man Less Human Essay

The modern world has been shaped by its metaphysics, which has shaped its education, which in turn has brought forth its science and technology. So, without going back to metaphysics and education, we can say that the modern world has been shaped by technology. It tumbles from crisis to crisis; on all sides there are prophecies of disaster and, indeed, visible signs of breakdown. If that which has been shaped by technology, and continues to be so shaped, looks sick, it might be wise to have a look at technology itself. If technology is felt to be becoming more and more inhuman, we might do well to consider whether it is possible to have something better-a technology with a human face. Strange to say, technology, although of course the product of man, tends to develop by its own laws and principles, and these are very different from those of human nature or of living nature in general. Nature always, so to speak, knows where and when to stop. Greater even than the mystery of natural growth is the mystery of the natural cessation of growth. There is measure in all natural things — in their size, speed, or violence. As a result, the system of nature, of which man is a part, tends to be self-balancing, self-adjusting, self-cleansing. Not so with technology, or perhaps I should say: not so with man dominated by technology and specialisation. Technology recognises no self-limiting principle — in terms, for instance, of size, speed, or violence. It therefore does not possess the virtues of being self-balancing, self-adjusting, and self-cleans-mg. In the subtle system of nature, technology, and in particular the super-technology of the modern world, acts like a foreign body, and there are now numerous signs of rejection. Suddenly, if not altogether surprisingly, the modern world, shaped by modern technology, finds itself involved in three crises simultaneously. First, human nature revolts against inhuman technological, organisational, and political patterns, which it experiences as suffocating and debilitating; second, the living environment which supports human life aches and groans and gives signs of partial breakdown; and, third, it is clear to anyone fully knowledgeable in the subject matter that the inroads being made into the world’s non-renewable resources, particularly those of fossil fuels, are such that serious bottlenecks and virtual exhaustion loom ahead in the quite foreseeable future.

Discuss at least two of the U.S. Supreme Court rulings in regards to Essay

Discuss at least two of the U.S. Supreme Court rulings in regards to the death penalty and how it has impacted capital punishment in the United States - Essay Example In fact, it was against the 8th Amendment of the United States Constitution. In the case of Kennedy v. Louisiana, 554 U.S. 407 (2008), involving the rape of a 12 year old girl by his stepfather, the ruling was against the death penalty. It was argued that one should not be sentenced to death since the victim did not die. They laid out debate that it was unfair to kill such a criminal since it was not a capital offense compared to other cases involving outright murder. There is a trend showing that with the passing of time, capital punishments had to be revised so as to allow justice and consistency in the rulings of court. No evidence has shown that the death penalty had an effect on the rate of crime in any state. This was because, if anything, it contributed to murder at all levels and the devaluation of human

Analysis of Digital Mapping Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Analysis of Digital Mapping - Assignment Example This method of cylindrical projection was invented in order to overcome the shortcomings of the Mercator projection method. the Peters Gall method was developed by German historian Dr. Arno Peters and British clergyman James Gall in 1973. This method was developed particularly in order to rectify the errors in area representation of countries. this method makes use of the equal-area map concept which shows areas more precisely. as compared to the Mercator projection, the area between the latitudes lines near the poles does not increase in the Peter gall projection method. this assists in decreasing the area distortion of the Mercator projection method. this projection method developed by Peter and gall received many recommendations from various organizations involved in the development of third world countries as it helped them inefficient resource allocation based on areas. however, in spite of its improvements as compared to the Mercator projection method, peter gall method also ha s significant drawbacks. the projection is unable to accurately show the shape of continents and the shapes of continents are distorted as longer or thinner in the peter gall projections. also, the peter gall projection method suffered from extreme distortions in the pole regions which was normal for any cylindrical projection method. as a result of these shortcomings, the method was not used widely in maps.   in equal in size to  Brazil, which  is 5 times larger than Alaska.      Peters Gall Projection This method of cylindrical projection was invented in order to overcome the shortcomings of the Mercator projection method. the Peters Gall method was developed by German historian Dr. Arno Peters and British clergyman James Gall in 1973. This method was developed particularly in order to rectify the errors in area representation of countries. this method makes use of the equal-area map concept which shows areas more precisely. as compared to the Mercator projection, the area between the latitudes lines near the poles does not increase in the Peter gall projection method.   this assists in decreasing the area distortion of the  Mercator  projection method. this projection method developed by Peter and gall received many recommendations from various  organizations  involved in the development of  third  world  countries as it helped them inefficient  resource alloca tion based on areas.  however,  in spite  of its improvements as compared to the  Mercator  projection method, peter gall method also has  significant  drawbacks.  Ã‚  

Learning disabilities of children Research Paper

Learning disabilities of children - Research Paper Example The paper presents the expert professional opinions and empirical evidences regarding identification of children with learning difficulties; the law that guarantees special learning education of children, and how parents and educators cope with the problem; and will come up with some recommendations on suitable treatments of children with learning disabilities. Learning Disabilities of Children Introduction I grew up with the belief that there is no such thing as learning disorders, and that there are only lazy students and motivated ones; there are stupid children and there are bright ones. However, recent studies and conclusive researches proved this belief to be non-conclusive and wrong. Several studies on brain researches showed that there are differences between the brains of the individuals with learning disabilities and those without, and that the architecture of the brain of the child with learning disabilities is different (Smith 2005). Most often, the learning disabilities are not known to parents when children are born and differences are manifested only as the child goes to school and grows up. In most cases, parents and the family do not know the reasons and therefore cannot cope up with the problem. In this context, it is important that they understand the behavioral problems of the child in order to provide appropriate solutions.

Critical analysis in the develpment of a project or programme plan Essay

Critical analysis in the develpment of a project or programme plan within a relevant area of community or youth work provision - Essay Example Hence, this project will certainly provide teenage population with an opportunity to freely discuss about sexual issues. The project has the scope to increase the knowledge of the participants about sexual health relationship and other topics of life skills (Banks, Butcher, Orton and Robertson, 2013; Hafford-Letchfield, 2009). Furthermore, the project also proposes to shed light on the significance of being aware about availing services pertaining to sexual health. The principal purpose is to target young people from the South Asian communities with complex and complicated needs presently (Hafford-Letchfield, Leonard, Begum and Chick, 2008). These complexities such as, stigma, religion, culture, appearance, behaviour and other factors, are acting as a hindrance in the acceptance of a relation. It is obvious that the project has the ability to meet the requirements of young people and not simply reflect upon the set standard of the society. A total of 15 participants will be targeted and the whole project will run for ten weeks. The program will run for two hours, each week, on specific days. Midlands community Training and employment Midlands Community Training and Employment is a charitable organization founded in the year 2008. The organisation specializes in providing community and personal development skills and means. The principal services of the organisation include skill development of the individuals, personality development, personal development, providing education facilities, confidence building classes, hosting seminars and workshops (Midlandscdc, 2013). The organization principally aims at empowering each and every individual with a particular skill set that might be beneficial and helpful for the individuals sustaining within the society. Hence, the organisation wants to ensure betterment of the society by enabling the individuals to enhance their basic skills. Furthermore, the organization also aims at bringing positive changes within the societ y for upgrading the standard of living of the individuals. The organization has entered into treaty with several other volunteer organizations so as to offer quality services to the target audiences. The intentions of the organisation are also reflected through their mission statement which states that â€Å"we want to make every individual a successful person† and â€Å"We are working in cooperation to bring change and development in our community† (Midlandscdc, 2013). The organisation mainly caters to the segments such as, poverty reduction, uplift education standards, offering assistance to deprived and isolated individuals of the society and health care and information sector. Training and development is another key area where the organization puts in strong efforts. In order to pursue their objectives, the organisation initiates and organizes several programs in a year and remains active in the field of Personal & Educational Development, Economic Development, Emp loyment, Health Care and Housing. SWOT Analysis On the basis of the secondary research carried out in the study, an excerpt of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organization is presented below: - Strengths One of the key strengths of the

Roe v wade Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Roe v wade - Research Paper Example Conversely, proposition for abortion is most intense in New England. One case in the US attributed to greatly influence abortion was the Roe v. Wade 1973. In this case, the US Supreme Court overruled the trimester framework argument and promoted abortion as a fundamental right. In Roe v. Wade (1973)2 case, the Supreme Court’s decision disallowed numerous states and federal restrictions on abortion and declared it as a fundamental right. The court ruled that abortion should not be allowed in all states where the fetus had the potential to survive outside the mother’s uterus. Consequently, the Supreme Court required that no state denies abortion for women in their first trimester, while abortion was only allowed on grounds of medical conditions during the second and third trimester3. Additionally, only the grounds of protecting the life of the fetus were acceptable for abortion in the third trimester. Upon the Supreme Court’s decision at Roe’s time, numerous states passed severe restrictions on any abortion practices as pro-lifers increasingly contended that life began at conception, thus making abortion unethical murder of acquitted humans. Additionally, other states passed laws that imposed hurdles on all women seeking abortion in defiance with the Roe decision. Defiance of Roe also saw the enactment of the federal Unborn Victims of Violence Act4 by the US government to protect the unborn fetus from being killed and assaulted. According to the US federal constitution, the protection of the unborn resulted in punishment for those intentionally attempting or committing murder of the unborn. A child is also declared as a full member of the Homo sapiens species for being a child in the uterus. Through the promotion of abortion, human life is deemed to be disposable on the basis of the mother’s fundamental rights. Kovnvitz5 reveals that rationally, human life has nothing known as

Tourism's Social, Cultural, and Ecological Impact Essay

Tourism's Social, Cultural, and Ecological Impact - Essay Example There can be no doubt that when an area is opened up for tourism that there will be significant changes. Tourism, while stimulating the economy, places the social order, the cultural values, and the ecology of the area at great risk. The social structure of a tourist area will change dramatically as the enterprise matures. A study on North Cape Norway by Gerald (2005, p.48) found that the seasonal nature of the employment opportunities attracted in-migration to the area during the peak season, as well as an out-migration of young people dissatisfied with the "employment prospects offered by seasonal tourism". One respondent to the study noted the personal change that takes place and reported that contact with the tourists caused her to, "become someone ... something you're not. Without knowing it consciously, and it just seems like you are so cosmopolitan, so sophisticated" (Gjerald 2005, p.49). When we add in the factors of stressing the infrastructure, changes in local politics, and the loss of existing social networks the social change is substantial. While the social order is at risk of great change, cultural traditions and values may all but disappear. Tourist destinations are often modeled on the tourist it intends to attract, while the local culture is placed on display as an oddity. The islands of Aruba and Barbuda are, "exemplified by the dominance of large scale resorts, convention trade, and the increasing prevalence of manmade attractions like shopping, gambling, and cruise traffic" (Thomas, Pigozzi, & Sambrook 2005, p.19). In addition, Gerald (2005, p.50) reports a modest increase in drugs, alcohol use, theft, and sexual assault in the North Cape Norway area. Meanwhile, local customs and traditions are relegated to be a display for the tourists, rather than have any meaningful cultural value.

Mental Illness and Substance Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mental Illness and Substance Abuse - Essay Example On ingestion the THC is found to be absorbed into the blood stream from where it is carried to the brain, producing a high feeling. The THC molecules is found to affect a number of areas of brain, inclusive of the areas of control balance, perception of time, sound, color and as any other drug the Glucose craving. Psychosis on the other hand can be defined as a cluster of symptoms characterized by hallucination and impaired reality. Psychosis is often symptom associated with Schizophrenia. Cannabis used have shown to produce symptoms similar to psychotic disorder as Schizophrenia, when ingested at large amount. Mounting researchers have indicated that Cannabis found to trigger the onset of Schizophrenia or its relapse and also aggravates the symptoms. (Hambrecht, M. and Hafner,1996). The users of Cannabis experienced unpleasant effects on usage as anxiety and pain, while some may experience hallucinations. The unpleasant effects are found to disappear as cannabis wears off. But some people may have frightening experience as it withdraws. It is found that of 1 in 10 people who use cannabis are found to be addicted to it. It is worrying fact that usually it is the young people who get hooked to it and they smoke cannabis on daily basis. The early the age they are exposed, early is the onset of Psychotic symptoms. It is found to be still more severe in people with existing mental disorders as Schizophrenia or bipolar, where they undergo negative psychological effect on cannabis use. Researchers pouring in point to the direction that cannabis may be the gateway for many other drugs to enter in. Thus one point is established as, in persons having mental illness are for persons with known family history of mental illness, cannabis triggers adheres psychotic symptoms. (Imade and Ebie ,1991) Though the usage of cannabis is known from 1970s now it has become an issue of concern as more young people are found to be the smokers of cannabis. Most cannabis users started in very early teens, thus causing a psychological transition and misadventures on a young persons life. This issue of regular Cannabis use is found to be a menace in developed countries. This has really become a national crisis mainly for countries as Australia and New Zealand. The Government has taken wide range of steps from forming a forum, organizing discussion, releasing pamphlets, funding research to create an awareness about cannabis and its link to mental illness.( Jerrell and Ridgely,1995) So this essay tries to unravel the above facts by discussing and reviewing the articles published with this concern. The List of articles selected and the reason for the selection : 1. Cannabis use and mental health - facts - is an study based on Australian community with case study done among 2 age groups as adolescent and adults, aiming to pinpoint the majority groups age by which they start this habit. 2. Cannabis and psychosis - Information for health care workers - An research report done under the instruction and funding of Victorian government health information, by the state government of Victoria, Australia, tends to explore the relationship between the

Everyday Hero Essay Example for Free

Everyday Hero Essay When I think of the word hero, I think of the countless Spiderman figures lying at the bottom of my brother’s toy chest, or even Prince Charming rescuing Sleeping Beauty from her seemingly endless slumber. However, what usually does not come to mind, are the true real life heroes that I believe posses higher superpowers than the Incredibles ever could. Though they do not have the ability to fly or read minds, one way or another, these people have helped someone in a tough situation. A true hero can be anyone from the firefighters at the station to your older sister living in the room next door. They may have helped to save your life, or merely helped you get through your math homework last night. Whatever the case, one quality that all true heroes must possess is the ability to be an example of goodwill in the world. A hero will help someone because they want to, not because they have to. Though they are not perfect, no one is, a hero will continue to put others first when they know that it is most important to do so. Three years ago, my mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. The news came as an utter shock to everyone, considering the fact that she was one of the healthiest and most active members of my family. She played tennis and practiced yoga at least four times a week; always ate healthy and organic foods, and on top of all this, there was barely any history of breast cancer on our family tree! Though her case was not as bad as others, it still required her to undergo weeks of arduous chemotherapy and radiation. Through her darker days, she herself would be the one to calm me down and reassure me that everything would be okay. The night before my mother’s surgery, I started to cry, scared and frustrated with what was happening around me. Though she was also frightened and anxious, my mother was the one to comfort me and explain that a plastic surgeon did not actually turn people into plastic, as I had imagined. Even during her most bleak and miserable moments, she put everything aside and reached out to help me deal with her pain. For this, she is my hero. No, she is not Superwoman, or a firefighter,  or even your everyday do-gooder; but she’s my mom, and that is good enough for me. This just goes to show that a seemingly ordinary woman can be a hero to someone in her own way. Heroes are everyday characters, and if you look hard enough you will find the hero in your own life. This I believe.

Youngs and technologies Essay Example for Free

Youngs and technologies Essay The teenagers of today, even the twentysomethings, haven’t known a life without technology. It’s been an integral part of their existence, in many cases for the whole of their lives. They’ve taken to it like ducks to water when their parents have struggled simply learning how to programme a VCR. But when something is part of your environment from an early age, you’re bound to adapt to it and embrace it as a perfectly natural part of your life. That’s what the young have done with new technology; young people feel perfectly comfortable with it. You might not understand everything your mobile phone can do, even after reading the manual, but the chances are a teen can figure it out without the book in under an hour. Technology is a normal facet in their lives, and they’re fearless about pushing buttons and experimenting. Where older people fear they’ll either break something or change the settings beyond repair, the young understand that everything can be put back the way it was quite easily. Technology doesn’t scare them. Young People And New Technology How do most young people spend much of their free time? On their computers or their mobiles. They’re essential communication and information tools for them. They’ve grown up with computers in schools, and often had mobiles since their early teens or before, so they’re almost extensions of their bodies and lives. So each new advance is just a small step forward for them, something that seems logical. Instead of going out to buy a CD, it’s far easier simply to download the tracks you want and nothing more. The Internet means convenience. They can transfer those tracks to an iPod or portable media player. Not just music, but video, too, to carry their entertainment with them. It makes perfect sense to them, just as a video-sharing site does, or using a video game console. They master these things effortlessly, as if they’ve been programmed how to know what to do – and growing up with technology, they have, in a way. But what they love above else, perhaps surprisingly, are their phones. They upgrade to the newest handsets, eager for new technology, and use it, using them for instant messaging, social networking, as music libraries, for the Internet on the go, even to watch TV in some cases. The Young And Advances In Technology The advances in technology for consumers aren’t necessarily aimed at young  people, but they tend to be the ones who embrace them first. If it’s something new and better (and affordable) they want it. For them, the whole of technology can seem like a giant playground, with its devices like toys to be explored and enjoyed. They’re enthusiastic about technology, even if they don’t realise it. It’s why they want the new video game with great graphics, the latest console – even if they already have others. It’s not greed as much as curiosity, want to see what’s out there and play with it. The young and new technology is the perfect combination. As each new generation comes along, used to more advances, that will be even more the case.

Use Case Diagram Details For Library Management Computer Science Essay

Use Case Diagram Details For Library Management Computer Science Essay The Library Management System would be a Web application. A simpler form of library based management system provides multi functional processes to log in, register, add books, add categories, search or issue or return the books. The basic language used in the follow up of this system is C# and the data base used for the same is SQL Server and SQL Client. These all have been used in the code of processing a Library Management System at any place (Gupta). There are certain advantages of using visual basic in Library Management System that it provides a very decent atmosphere for all the programmers to develop a graphical user interface which is considere4d to be a ready to use component in the main working of Library Management System. This will be providing all functionality for Abu Dhabi University library operations. The specific details of each user are given below in this document.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A librarian can add all details of new books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs using create new book menu from his administrative panel, from this administrative panel librarian can also delete any previous entry of books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs and if librarian just want to update status of books / journals / periodicals then he can update details of books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs details also but in this case if library management system found any invalid id of any invalid book details then it will give and immediate alert pop-up to administrator of the system will also kept record of each alert and the most useful feature of this library management system is librarian can search any of the books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs from the database using title or author name. Librarian can also update and of the user details and delete or block users if there fee or fine is not submitted or he found a nything wrong with and of the students user account. Librarian is also have privileges to see amount of fee and fine that any user have to pay and also overall money that is going to debited. A database manager can create a new database and took back-up of day to day updated database of library management system. Database manager have to design whole schema once and have to made changes time to time if needed. A guest user will have a limited or no access to data. Guest can register himself/herself and become a regular user of Student or Faculty type after getting approval of library management systems administer. In library management system for Abu Dhabi University there would be two types of user exist. First one would be student type and second type is of faculty type this faculty type users are having unlimited account for borrowing books but in place of student type account there would be some limit for borrowing books at a time. This student type user have to submit their book within a period or re-borrow them if they need it for more longer else the fine will be charged to students type user but in case of faculty type user there is no time limit for any borrowed new books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs. A student type user can login to library management system after fulfilling his/her authentication if it library management system found any invalid account then will give a alert massage and will also report to administer at another hand after logged in he can check is his account which contains the amount that he/she has to pay including all fine details and this will also having all of history of his/her borrowed new books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs. The student user can borrow books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs and the system is also having an option for re-borrow of books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs. The library management system facilitated more to students and faculties too there is an option to put a request of home delivery with any borrow request. The charges of home delivery will be automatically added to their accounts. The biggest useful feature of this library management system is user of all type can search any of the books / journals / pe riodicals / CDs / DVDs from the database using title or author name of borrowing it. The student and faculty type user can also request for any new required book in library and this request will directly goes to the administrator of this library management system which will precede this request to further steps. One more feature of this library management system is feedback the user of student type and faculty can rate for any books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs and also put their comments for any of them which will help other users and librarian too to decide about that books / journals / periodicals / CDs / DVDs so that review also done in this library management system. There are some other categories of Use Case Diagram for Library Management System, for example E Draw Soft Diagrammer 4 which is a new UML Diagram and is considered to be a new type of diagram tool for the software engineers and various designers. E Draw is a short form of Easy to Draw diagram for UML model (Use Case Diagram For Library Management System).

Educational Technology Autobiography Essay -- essays papers

Educational Technology Autobiography My experience with educational technology from K-12 to post-secondary education: The very first form of educational technology that I encountered was the use of the overhead in the first grade. In the third grade I was moved to a gifted and talented Math class; therefore, allowing my fellow classmates and myself access to a computer lab that contained seven apple computers. Every Friday we were allotted fifteen to twenty minutes on these computers to play Number Munchers and Oregon Trail. In fourth and fifth grade I continued with my gifted and talented Math programs, but was also added to gifted and talented Science and English programs. In these programs I again used the computer but this time I used the computer for puzzles (i.e. a picture of a cake on the screen and we had to click on the appropriate prompted proportions, or fractions) in Math, for games such as Word- Munchers and filling out Mad-Libs in English, and to record data in a timesheet format in Science. Furthermore, in my Math and Science classes I was asked to be able to understand how to use a s imple function calculator. In addition, in my English class we often heard literature read aloud through a tape recorder, as well as seeing movies based off of the books we were reading. During my last two years of elementary school, I became familiar with the use of overheads, televisions, calculators, and computers, for educational technological purposes. Each summer, while I was in Elementary School, my mother made me practice typing, where I became very familiar with a (hateful) program called Mavis Beacon. Moreover, during the summer before I entered Middle School I opted to take a Summer Camp on computers, where I learned to ... ...unctuation and grammar, as well as provide them with a thesaurus. Finally, another thing on the computer that the teacher could use to enhance teaching her class, would be the use of Microsoft PowerPoint. Here if an English teacher was trying to teach her students the different types of essays, a slide-show explaining what an Expository Essay is on one slide, as well as a Cause/Effect, Definition, Comparison/Contrast, Argumentative, Literary Analysis, and a Character Analysis Essay are on different slides, would make understanding the differences between the essays much more clear to the students, than for example, verbally explaining the different types of essays. Furthermore, using programs such as Microsoft PowerPoint are attractive to the eye; consequently, the student will pay more attention to what they are learning, and essentially learn at a higher level.

Deceptive Cell Phone Television Commercials :: Media

It may seem like cell phone television commercials are straightforward and easy to follow, but many people would agree that after a few monthly bills start flowing in, they may form a different opinion. These â€Å"so-simple† cellular phone plans that the companies advocate are often quite misleading to consumers. This is largely due to the fact that companies present viewers with a vague explanation of their services. This is successful in making a person feel the need to sign-up without any apprehensions. Many individuals do not realize that they have been deceived into a contract that they will eventually regret after it is too late. The most common misleading topic that cell phone commercials try to avoid expressing is the costs of the unknown bill charges and where they come from. Cell phone companies work hard to hide as much of the costs as possible from their consumers. They may say a certain rate in the advertisement, but this is the bare minimum in most cases. What they are not telling their costumers are the roaming charges, long distance contingencies, and, if available, text message rates. Indefinite bill charges are very popular problems that occur for most customers. For example, a Sprint customer experienced first hand how Sprint was increasing their monthly rates. The customer had signed up for a $50-a-month plan but did not know what he was paying for until, â€Å"he heard the news that Sprint PCS had been quietly imposing rate increases, tucking them under ‘fees and surcharges’†(Ballheim,2003). People are often not aware of what the whole plan includes because just pieces of favorable information are told to them. When the customer finally realizes the extra costs, and want to change companies, they are slammed with even more charges. The man who was mentioned previously still had to pay another $150 dollars as a penalty fine in order to cancel his service (Ballheim, 2003). This is an all too familiar case with false advertising a cell phone plan. It seems as though the cell phone companies should be the ones who should pay the penalty fine. But, we, the customers, keep paying these deceiving companies to mislead us and charge more money when they do.

Essay on Whartons Ethan Frome: Despair -- Ethan Frome Essays

Despair Ethan Frome   Despair is not anonymous, it has a name, and the name is Starkfield.   "Guess he's been in Starkfield too many winters." This significant phrase describing Ethan Frome in the prologue of Edith Wharton's novel, Ethan Frome, provides insight into the most major theme portrayed in this story. The imagery of the harshness and despair of winter, first brought up in the prologue, is present in every aspect of this book. Winter describes the character of Zeena as well as the character of Ethan after the "smash up" which contrasts that of Mattie, Ethan's true love. It is also used to illustrate the themes of silence and isolation, and darkness and despair. Zeena is a character often portrayed using harsh winter imagery. She is characterized as controlling, insensitive, and rather unattractive. This is evident in Ethan's perception of her prior to her doctor's visit when he says that she is sitting in "the pale light reflected from the banks of the snow." The images of snow which first appear in the prologue symbolize this character's personality. The fact that Ethan connects his wife with the severity and strength of winter snow illustrates that he envisions her as stringent and powerful, characteristics he dislikes. Throughout the novel, Ethan is attracted to true inner beauty, something he believes Zeena lacks. He considers his marriage a mistake and attributes it to the fact that he met Zeena at a time when he felt isolated and alone, another major theme in the book. After his mother died one winter, he needed companionship and attached himself to Zeena. Ethan resents winter because he associates it with the death of a loved one. Due to his isolation, Ethan overlooks Ze... ...e what Ethan becomes after the "smash-up." Ethan is essentially dead spiritually and the author uses the desolate imagery of wintertime to show this. The narrator also describes Ethan's appearance by saying, "He looks as if he was dead and in hell now!" Ethan's world is dark despair after the accident. He realizes that there was no escape from Starkfield and the harsh reality of the dead winters. He is at the mercy of winter and is forced to see what his love, Mattie, has become. Ethan's appearance at the end of the prologue represents what he strives to avoid throughout the novel, a tragic end. The prologue introduces several of the novel's major themes, the most prominent being that of winter harshness. Hence, it foreshadows the major events in the book and provides insight into the personalities of the characters. Essay on Wharton's Ethan Frome: Despair -- Ethan Frome Essays Despair Ethan Frome   Despair is not anonymous, it has a name, and the name is Starkfield.   "Guess he's been in Starkfield too many winters." This significant phrase describing Ethan Frome in the prologue of Edith Wharton's novel, Ethan Frome, provides insight into the most major theme portrayed in this story. The imagery of the harshness and despair of winter, first brought up in the prologue, is present in every aspect of this book. Winter describes the character of Zeena as well as the character of Ethan after the "smash up" which contrasts that of Mattie, Ethan's true love. It is also used to illustrate the themes of silence and isolation, and darkness and despair. Zeena is a character often portrayed using harsh winter imagery. She is characterized as controlling, insensitive, and rather unattractive. This is evident in Ethan's perception of her prior to her doctor's visit when he says that she is sitting in "the pale light reflected from the banks of the snow." The images of snow which first appear in the prologue symbolize this character's personality. The fact that Ethan connects his wife with the severity and strength of winter snow illustrates that he envisions her as stringent and powerful, characteristics he dislikes. Throughout the novel, Ethan is attracted to true inner beauty, something he believes Zeena lacks. He considers his marriage a mistake and attributes it to the fact that he met Zeena at a time when he felt isolated and alone, another major theme in the book. After his mother died one winter, he needed companionship and attached himself to Zeena. Ethan resents winter because he associates it with the death of a loved one. Due to his isolation, Ethan overlooks Ze... ...e what Ethan becomes after the "smash-up." Ethan is essentially dead spiritually and the author uses the desolate imagery of wintertime to show this. The narrator also describes Ethan's appearance by saying, "He looks as if he was dead and in hell now!" Ethan's world is dark despair after the accident. He realizes that there was no escape from Starkfield and the harsh reality of the dead winters. He is at the mercy of winter and is forced to see what his love, Mattie, has become. Ethan's appearance at the end of the prologue represents what he strives to avoid throughout the novel, a tragic end. The prologue introduces several of the novel's major themes, the most prominent being that of winter harshness. Hence, it foreshadows the major events in the book and provides insight into the personalities of the characters.

Our Crazy World †Technology, Iraq and Hiv/AIDS Essay

Our world today is a crazy one, in many ways. It is so different to what it used to be. The advancement of technology, coupled with such things as HIV/AIDS or terrorism and America’s retaliation (and the Iraq War), combines to form a mind boggling, and somewhat depressing environment for one to live in. With DVD’s and DVD players, Playstations 1s and 2’s, and even ‘old fashioned’ things such as videos, cd’s, and computers, technology easily confuses the innocent bystander. Then there is the bad side of technology (although some would argue that computers and DVD’s are the bad side): chemical warfare, weapons of mass destruction and so on. Why do people create such things? I suppose the answer is greed. As a perfect example we have Saddam Hussein. He kills and suppresses his own people presumably because of greed) and then openly ‘defies’ America (I say sarcastically). Then on the other hand there’s Bush. He’s not exactly evil (or is he?), but he is greedy and moronic. He announces that America is ‘gonna’ kill Saddam and free the Iraqi people, meanwhile he’s thinking that he has Iraq and it’s resources, and is one step closer to global domination. There are rumours of his belonging to the Illuminati, a secret organisation which ‘controls our thinking’ and is aiming to take over the world. So, who does one support in the Iraq situation? Which incoherent miser? My answer to that is rather than side with anyone, one can either totally ignore it, or decide to side with peace. The wonderful thing is that, being neither an Iraqi nor an American (I am in fact South African), I am able to express my distaste for these two particular people without being shot, as Iraqis would have during the war, or possibly outcast as an American. However, Americans would have no reason to ostracize me unless they actually like and support Bush, for I don’t dislike Americans, I dislike greedy and  lying people who exploit a situation to their own good. Just look at the situation: big powerful Bush gives Iraq a whole bunch of weapons of mass destruction (to his own advantage) and then a few years later he complains that Iraq is a threat so he decides to play soldiers and take it all back again, killing a few people in the process. All that negativity about Bush probably makes me sound pro-Saddam, which I am definitely not. To me, he is the epitome of evil. If it came down to it, I think I would be happier if Saddam was killed rather than Bush. Of course there is also the deeply depressing part of our crazy world, HIV/AIDS. While we know for sure that someday Saddam and Bush will ‘hit the bucket’, AIDS may never go away (not to be pessimistic or anything). Unless a cure is found, it seems the only way to stop AIDS is education in prevention. And then people actually have to care enough. It may seem strange to some people, but living in Africa I know what can happen. Some witch doctors actually prescribe having intercourse with a virgin to cure AIDS. One thing that really gets to me is when people say ‘Oh, AIDS isn’t that bad, it’s good population control.’ I then usually ask them if they would have the same view if someone close to them contracted AIDS. Would they simply tell their dying loved one that they are sorry she/he has AIDS, but there are simply too many people on this planet and her death is not really that much of a loss anyway? That usually gets them thinking. So, what are we to do, with all this confusing and depressing†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢stuff’ (for lack of a better word)? It may not sound so wonderful, but I guess we should just plod on and hope it all gets more understandable and less depressing!

Factors to take into account when assessing development Essay

Explain the factors that need to be taken into account when assessing development. 1)Confidentiality and Consent. All assessments must remain confidential and should only be shared with those who have a professional need to know, such as line managers and social services etc if necessary. Parents and carers must give their consent before assessments can be carried out. 2)Wishes and feelings. The assessment must stop if the child does not want to continue or becomes upset. The Childs emotional state needs to be considered and any problems at home need to be taken into account. 3)Disability or specific requirements. A child who has a disability should not be compared to another child but should be assessed in line with their own development rate. Extra care must be taken so as not to under estimate the abilities of children who have specific needs or a disability. 4)Ethnic, linguistic and cultural background. Children who come from different backgrounds may have a variety of ideas as to what is acceptable and how to behave in various situations. 5)Avoiding bias. Be objective when assessing development in order to give an accurate picture of actual progress. If possible the child should be observed by two adults at the same time. 6)Reliability of information. Read more: Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors essay The information gathered must be from a reliable source in order to achieve an accurate picture of development. 7)Open and closed recording method. The way in which information is recorded should meet its intended purpose. This may be an account of the child did, or a summary of that information, e.g., the child uses a spade to fill the bucket with sand, or the child plays with the sand. 8)Mixing methods of collecting observations. Narrative. This is a record of events in a timeline sequence. Time sampling. Recording how often particular types of behaviour occur. Event sampling. To document how a child reacts to a particular event which is pre-set. Modified child study techniques. This checks the behaviour or traits of a child before, during and after specific behaviour, and records the levels and frequency of behaviour.

Comparison and Contrasts of Literary Work Essay

In my paper I will be comparing and contrasting two literary works of a short story and a poem. The short story and poem I chosen to compare and contrast is â€Å"Story of the Lost Son† (Gospel of Luke) and â€Å"The Boxer† (Paul Simon and Brue Woodley. On my paper I will be writing about the similarities and differences between the short story â€Å"Story of the Lost Son† and the poem â€Å"The Boxer†. My paper will be given you the insights on a short story and poem can be similar in one way, but also different in another. In the short story of â€Å"Story of the Lost Son† it was about a poor father with two sons and the youngest son wanted to go out in the world on his to get what was coming to him. In the poem â€Å"The Boxer† you have a poor boy who want to leave home and go out in the world and make something for his self but couldn’t because he didn’t have the money for it. In the first paragraph I will be talking about the short story of the â€Å"Story of the Lost Son† (Gospel of Luke). In the short story â€Å"Story of the Lost Son† it was about a poor family with just a father and two sons. The father had some land and money put up for his two sons when they was ready to be on their own. So that they could have a little something rather than go out on their own nothing. When the youngest son found out that his father had that for them he goes and tells his father that he was ready to be on his own and he was ready to get what he had coming to him. His father’s told him he wasn’t ready because he was still just a boy but he argues that he was ready. When he left from home he got marry and blew all his money in just a month and didn’t had any way to get it back. So what he had to do was run back home and apologies to his father to see if his father would accept him back home even though he ran off knowing that his father was trying to tell him he wasn’t ready. But for him being stubborn and hardheaded he didn’t know what the income would be. In this paragraph I will be talking about the poem â€Å"The Boxer† by Paul Simon and Brue Woodley (1968). In â€Å"The Boxer† they are talking about a poor boy who was from a family who didn’t have nothing and been promise so much, but didn’t receive it. Realizing that all of it was just a lie he set off on his own it search for something better for him and his family. Stranded in a railroad stations surrounded by workmen with wages he found his self with the rest of the ragged people begging for quarters. He had his mind set to find a job, but he didn’t get any offers from any jobs. Being in New York City he found his self lonesome and homesick, because he was all by his self it a city he didn’t know. At those times he would catch his self in the street of the Seventh Avenue with the rest of the people who didn’t have anything to do. That’s when he started boxing and always relied on his two gloves to give him the comfort he need. Young boy never went back home since he left. The similarities that these two literary works have in common are that they both were young boys who were poor and they left home. In the short story of â€Å" Story of the Lost Son† the youngest left home with the little money his father gave him to because he claim that he was ready to be on his own. And then in the poem of â€Å"The Boxer† he was also a young boy leaving his home to go somewhere else because he thought he would do better out there away from their family. But if you read both works, you would realize that they both boys came from a poor family try to find somewhere else to go to better their self. What else these two literary works have in common is the theme because they are both from a poor family with nothing going out there in the to make something out of their selves. The differences between the short story and the poem are a whole lot. In â€Å"Story of the Lost Son† the youngest son left home because he didn’t want to follow the rules his father was giving him and he thought he was ready to be out there on his own but he wasn’t. And then he blew all the money his father gave him because he got marry and less than a month he didn’t have nothing left and he went back home begging and telling his father sorry because he thought his father wouldn’t let him come back. How the poem â€Å"The Boxer† different is that you have a young boy leaving home to find something better for him and his family. He didn’t leave home, because he wanted what was coming for him, he left to better his self. Both literary work the character left home on their own, but only one made something of his self and didn’t went back home begging his family to figure him. In conclusion my two literary works that I compare and contrast show you how two different literature a similar, but also different. They both was young people who left their family and home to go on their own but only one make something of their selves while the other return back home the same way they left. So what I’m trying to say I enjoy these two literature because they both show you the do’s and don’ts. If you go out there on your own and you came from nothing it best to fight so that you want feel like you waste your time.

The Cause and Effect of Alcoholism

Alcoholism is a cause that haves numerous effects on people in the United States today. It’s defined as a condition that resulted in the continued consumptions of alcoholic’s beverages, despite health problems and negative social consequences. The symptoms of alcoholism vary from person to person, but the most common symptoms seen are changes in emotional state, behavior, or personality. Alcoholics may become angry and argumentative, and withdrawn or depressed. They may also feel more anxious, sad, tense, and confused. Alcoholism is a treatable disease and many treatment programs and approaches are available to support alcoholics who have decided to get help, but no medical cure is available. Regardless of how someone is diagnosed as alcohol dependent or how they came to realize they have a serious drinking problem, the first step to treatment is a sincere desire to get help. Alcoholics who are pressured into treatment by social pressure or forced to quit by circumstances rarely succeed in the long run. Next, I will like to discuss the causes, effects and consequences of Alcoholics. There are several possible causes of alcoholism and risk factors for the disease. Alcoholic liver disease usually occurs after years of excessive drinking. The longer you use alcohol and the more alcohol consumed, the greater the likelihood of developing liver disease. Acute alcoholic hepatitis can result from binge drinking. It may be life-threatening if severe. People who drink excessively can become malnourished because of the empty calories from alcohol, reduced appetite, and poor absorption of nutrients in the intestines. Malnutrition contributes to liver disease. These are many causes that come from drinking a constant amount of Alcohol. The effects that alcohol has on the human body range from short to long term symptoms. As a person consumes alcoholic drinks the stomach immediately absorbs the alcohol and it enters into the bloodstream. Depending on the features such as the age, weight, sex, and body size of an individual the alcohol will affect people in many different ways. Some of the lighter effects of the intake of alcohol comprise lightheadedness, while other effects with an increased amount of alcohol consumed include queasiness, vomiting, slurred speech and vision, and an increased amount of dizziness. There are many consequences of drinking that can lead to an addiction commonly known as alcoholism. Permanent long term effects of consumption can lead to severe damage to essential organs as the liver and brain. If a sustained period of no consumption happens, many effects such as anxiety, delusion, and shuddering may occur. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy may lead to birth defects in infants commonly known as fetal alcohol syndrome. Retardation and permanent physical deformities are common in many cases, and investigative studies have shown that offspring of alcoholic parents are at a great deal higher possibility of becoming alcoholics themselves. In conclusion, there are several causes, effects, and consequences of Alcoholism that I have mentioned. Many people that use alcohol do not understand how harmful it is to their body. After reading my essay I hope you have a better understanding of why drinking to much alcohol is bad for you.

African Slaves Essay Example for Free

African Slaves Essay Slavery (449) , Slave (192) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? Rationale My project will be to examine the lives of Indian Indentured labourers between 1845 and 1917. The reason I am examining their lives is to prove that Indian Indentureship was just another form of slavery with a different name. The project will also assist me in learning about the Indian Indentureship period for my CSEC examination. Introduction Indentured labour was something like the last resort for planters after slavery. After the abolition of slavery the planters were left with a labour shortage. In their search for other sources of labour the planters tried Chinese, Madeirans, even free African slaves but each of these options all had their disadvantages. After a trial and error period with many different labourers, it was found that the Indians were the ideal labourers. The Indentureship period was supposed to be a fair, humane and just system unlike the African slave trade and slavery on the whole but this was not the case. In many aspects of the Indentureship period, it was almost identical to slavery. In the following paragraphs it will be shown from the evidence given, that Indians were treated almost as badly as African slaves, proving that the Indentureship period was simply another form of slavery. Indentureship and slavery are basically the same thing but the major thing that differentiated them was the fact that the Indian labourers were legally owned while the African slaves were forced to work for the planters. The Indians were cheated into signing contracts which they didn’t understand with false promises of a better life and good working conditions. The Indians were gullible and were easily tricked into signing the contracts  which ran from 3-5 years. The African slaves on the other were kidnapped in most cases and forced to work for the rest of their usually short lives. Their only chance of freedom would be allowed only if they purchased it, which was very unlikely. The journey for both the Africans and the Indians began with a long journey on a boat in deplorable living conditions. For the Indians the journey lasted from 93 to 113 days which was longer than the journey of the Africans which lasted from 6 to 10 weeks. Although both journeys were bad the Middle passage was a little worse than the journey the Indians endured. They were both kept in confined spaces which was unhealthy, especially if kept for long periods of time. Because of their confinement diseases were easily s pread and the mortality rate was very high. Life on the plantation was not much different because their living quarter were also confined. African Slaves. (2016, Apr 08).

Composite Cycle Frame Manufacturing Methods Project Assignment

Composite Cycle Frame Manufacturing Methods Project - Assignment Example The second method is the closed mould which uses a bag and foam core. This method is commonly used to manufacture frames and monocoque frames. This paper analyses the process of manufacturing bicycles using the carbon fibre in two parts. This includes the time that carbon fibre takes to corrode during the process. This part looks at the process of manufacturing a bicycle using the methods available under the use of composite. The second part is the options available for corrosion resistance for the components used in the method. It is important to protect frames of these bicycles against corrosion which constitutes much of damages caused con them. Carbon fiber, which is also known as graphite fiber or even carbon graphite, is a material that is composed of fibers nearly a diameter of 5–10Â  ÃŽ ¼m and mainly consists of carbon atoms. They are joined in crystals that align themselves parallel to the fiber’s long axis. The alignment of the crystals provides the fiber with high strength to volume ratio, this renders it strong for its size. Many carbon fibers are brought together or joined to make a tow; this can be used by itself or even make a fabric (Campbell, 2003, p.36). The carbon fibers’ characteristics, like high solidity, low density, high tensile strength, high tolerance to temperature, high chemical opposition, and low thermal expansion greatly makes them to be largely used in military, aerospace, motorsports as well as civil engineering, also in some other competition sports. The carbon fibers are slightly expensive in comparison with some other fibers like plastic fibers and glass fibers. They are normally mixed with some other materials to come up with a composite. When they are mixed with a plastic resin and then molded, we find that the result is carbon fiber reinforced plastic; this is commonly known as carbon fiber and has a strength-to-weight ratio that is very high, which is very rigid even though

Two Sides of the Same Coin of Revenge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Two Sides of the Same Coin of Revenge - Essay Example ngeling.â€Å"Such readings may speak to a wish to construct the violence of revenge as a purely â€Å"male† problem or an effect of patriarchy† (Willis 22). Shakespeare and Middleton turn the tables by using a female revenger, Tamora and Beatice-Joanna, in their plays. These two characters are two sides of the same coin. Tamara is the â€Å"imagery of [a] womb, tomb, and pit† (21) while Beatrice-Joanna is the image of sight; both these qualities are fuel for their revenge. Hunger’s role is to gain more power while the sight is blinded by the end goal, both on a verge of destruction. Both female characters seek out revenge and use their influence and position to obtain their desired vengeance through indirect, coercive, and manipulative channels. These characters seek revenge only to leave a trail of lies, blood, and deception, which follows them to their graves for truth cannot be hidden for long. Titus Andronicus and The Changeling highlighted the many ways in which the plays are informed by gender ideology (21). It maybe said that tragic plays revolve around a masculine character. â€Å"Men had a vested interest portraying vendettas as â€Å"grand struggles[s]† highlighting masculine traits of bravery, daring, and fighting skill† (24). The beginning of the play is started off with Saturninus and Bassianus fighting over who should be named Emperor. They chant their speeches but Marcus steps in to announce the â€Å"returns the good Andronicus to Rome† (Shakespeare 1.1.37). Men would use their strength to gain power and authority, while women â€Å"appeared as idealized figured of chastity to be protected, or more darkly, as vulnerable vessels of the enemy to be raped and despoiled. But in many of Shakespeare’s plays, as well as in those by other Elizabethan and Jacobean dramatists, women are sometimes active participants in revenge plots† (24). For revenge to be there, first a crime must be committed and for one reason or the other the law cannot punish the

A visit to a museum or art gallery exhibit Essay

A visit to a museum or art gallery exhibit - Essay Example Within these periods there was further designation based on the regions of their creation. Ultimately, the vases acted as a powerful example of artistry and ancient Greek history. Another thing I witnessed at the gallery exhibition was Marcia Gygli King’s "Cantilever, 1980". This exhibit was a mixed-media work. The work itself is part painting and part sculpture. In terms of art history this work is notable as it is demonstrative of a period of expression where artists began to experiment with the deconstruction of categories and produce hybrid works. Another prominent work I witnessed was Richard Dieben Korn’s "Ocean Park". This painting was a large landscape type work, except it was composed of figurative and abstract forms. While one thinks of abstract expressionism in terms of the messy Jackson Pollack type work, â€Å"Ocean Park† is a much more orderly work. In these respects one notes that the work is almost a hybrid of such artists that make great use of b locks of color, along with the abstract expressionist creation of emotion through figurative means of expression. The work is ultimately highly notable within art history as a unique piece of mid-20th century work.

Patient Privacy and Reluctance to Complain Essay

Patient Privacy and Reluctance to Complain - Essay Example It is really impossible for any individual to find out that medial privacy was violated under the Amended rule. Lots of burden needed to be bear in order to show medical privacy violation. Only thing can be done is, if one believes that covered entity violated medical privacy then one has every right to file complaint against the health insurer or complain to the Health and Human services Patients are sometimes reluctant to complain about health care because some patients fear that due to complain they may receive lower service quality in case there is any need for the future arises. Complain can also lead to inappropriate health insurance problems in the health care. Communicating effectively with the patient will reduce the concerns about the health care. Medical providers would communicate with the patient about their problems so that every patient fells special about their health care. Health care organization should be benefited about the patient complaints that are systematically analyzed and recorded. Confidence can be developed among the patients by knowing them that complains can help health care for promoting safety. Communicating with the customers that complaining will improve quality and safety of the patient rather than any harm to patient. This will create awareness and confidence among the patient about complaining on certain issues on health

Database design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Database design - Essay Example From the introduction, I learned that the idea of database management system arose as a result of the unending complexities associated with managing data using spreadsheet. Though the spreadsheet enables on to store various data, it is difficult to manage it because the data in different sheets are disjointed (Brathwaite, 2012). The spreadsheets do not a have tools which enables data which are related to be linked. I also learned about database management systems. These are software package or a set of programs that are used by the people to interact with the database system. These packages were developed because managing the database is a complicated and inherent task. The DBMS enable complete manipulation of the underlying database. The diagrams representing the interaction between the programs, user, database and database management system enabled me to internalize the database design concept. Considering the strength and weaknesses of the database, I realized that database system is inherently important to any organization which uses a computerized system. The advantages outdo the disadvantages by far. The henry books database case is an ideal case study for database design. It provides all the information required in designing a database system. The course also introduced me to relational databases and different low level programming features such as Query-By-Exam (QBE), simple and compound query criteria, database fields, tables and functional. All these are programming features used when designing and developing a database system. I also learned about different features used in manipulating data in the database system. These include and not limited to co sorting, joining tables, the use of update query statements, make table query, delete-table query, select, project data select and normal sets. The case study gave detailed illustrations of these database features. The course also introduced me to

Before European Hegemony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Before European Hegemony - Essay Example The readings describe crusades in detail and how they provoked a â€Å"clash of civilizations† between the Christian kingdoms of Europe and the Islamic kingdoms of Turkey and Asia Minor. The crusades were fought on religious grounds and suffused the fighters with a sense of religious fanaticism that proved deadly and dangerous to their opponents on the battlefield. As happens in any time of war, the crusades led to the development of newer technologies as well as newer forms of communication and control. The fact remains that as in contemporary times, the crusades were an important way to stimulate the economies of the European and Islamic countries. However, this should not detract us from the fact that the crusades were barbaric in nature. As the reading indicates, â€Å"the crusades stimulated a remarkable increase in naval power of the mariner states. The heightened demand for ships – to carry crusaders and pilgrims to the holy land- led to a virtual frenzy in ship building† (Abu-Lughod, 111). The pope had a major role to play in the conduct of the crusades and was responsible for papal injunctions against or for certain practices and the way the war was conducted. The readings make an important point about the roles of Genoa and Venice and the way in which these cities contributed to the conduct of the war. The readings make it clear that both Genoa and Venice experienced rapid surges in population thanks to the crusades and the generally heightened economic activity that accompanied this period. The readings make a case for the European subsystems and their access to different structures of power and commerce. The readings highlight the fact that the evolution of the modern forms of commerce and trading can be directly related to the developments in commerce and trade during the time that has been covered in the readings. The readings make

CARDIAC ARREST Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CARDIAC ARREST - Essay Example The heart is an organ working on electrical mechanism, and all the organs of the body receive blood from heart. According to (Medicin net)â€Å"The heart is an electrical pump, where the electricity is generated in special pacemaker cells in the upper chamber, or atrium, of the heart†. When the heart muscles cannot contract and expand, the blood supply from heart stops and the body of an individual dooms to death. The death occurs in cardiac arrest mainly due to the lack of supply in blood and oxygen to the brain. It is unfortunate to know that sudden death mainly happen due to cardiac arrest and many a times people are unaware before hand that their heart functioning is weak. The heart is a muscle and when the blood supplying vessels get narrowed the heart gets irritated .In cardiac arrest the blood vessels completely get blocked due to the clotting of blood and it leads to chest pain. Normally speaking, there are many causes for cardiac arrest and it includes heart attack, c hoking, electrocution and drowning. Heart Conditions that Lead to Sudden Cardiac Arrest. The death by sudden cardiac arrest happens as a result of major abnormality in the heart rhythm. This abnormality of rhythm knows as arrhythmia is a result of malfunctioning in the working pattern of the heart. Unlike other organs in the body, the heart does not depend on nerve system as it has its specific electrical stimulator. The most common cause of cardiac arrest is the arrhythmia or ventricular fibrillation involved in it. Normally, cardiac arrest is not a condition which happens on it own .The following are the heart condition which lead to sudden cardiac arrest. Coronary heart disease: Mostly coronary heart disease occurs to people who suffer from coronary heart problems. These peoples have clogged blood vessels which can create problem for normal heart functioning. Heart attack: If a person encounters with heart attack due to the vermicular fibrillation, the result can be sudden cardia c arrest. Moreover, heart attract creates scars in heart tissue which lead to electrical short circuits interfering with it and causing cardiac arrest. Cardiomyopathy(Enlarged Heart):Once the muscular walls of heart get thickened the result can be cardiac arrest. Since this process makes heart muscles abnormal, the outcome can be cardiac arrest. Valvulart heart illness: The narrowing or leaking of the heart valves can cause thickening of heart muscles which can lead to cardiac arrest. Congenital heart problem :Sometimes the heart condition during birth can lead to cardiac arrest among young children and adolescents Electrical abnormalities in heart: At times the problem in electrical system of heart functioning alone can cause sudden cardiac arrest. Risk Each year more than 3, 00,000 people in America encounters with sudden cardiac arrest and it happen mostly in people who have crossed 30s.It is usually observed that men are at more risk to this disease than women. The main risk fac tor for sudden cardiac arrest is coronary artery disease (CAD), which remains undiagnosed in many people. It is seen that most people who suffered sudden cardiac arrest had a minor history of coronary artery diseases. CAD is a silent disease and can kill people without them being aware of it. There are also many other risk factors which can lead to sudden cardiac arrest which are as follows; a) Family history: A family history and inheritance can be the main risk factor for people to undergo cardiac arrest. With a genetic influence,

Marketing Research on Reynolds Pen Essay Example for Free

Marketing Research on Reynolds Pen Essay We are deeply indebted to Ms. Malvika Mago for her constant support guidance and inspiration in completion of the program and preparation of this document. Our sincere thanks for giving me invaluable suggestion. We are also grateful to other employee of reynolds pen for their encouragement and help. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to reynolds for giving us an opportunity to complete our project. last but not the least; we would like to thank our parents and friends for their moral support throughout the project. Pens introduced to India, international quality writing instruments, and marketed them under the brand name Reynolds. It was also he first company to build a brand in a category that behaved more like a commodity till then. Over the last 20 years, G. M. Pens has invested substantially in building a large manufacturing base with facilities in Chennai and Pondicherry. A state of the art RD facility, one of the most sophisticated in the Reynolds family worldwide, has ensured that the latest in writing technology is available to the Indian consumers. G. M. Pens offers the widest range of writing instruments and accessories in the Indian market. A variety of writing instruments including ball pens, gel pens, fountain ens, mechanical pencils, markers, handy boards and childrens colouring pens that cater to consumers from the age group of six to sixty are marketed under the brand name Reynolds. A continuous focus on consistent quality and a constant endeavour to provide quality products at affordable prices have ensured that Reynolds has been the numero uno in the Indian writing instruments market. A substantial investment has also been made in establishing the Reynolds brand name through the mass media, especially through television and press ads, in an effort to convert the category from a commodity to a brand dominated one. The companys products are available in three hundred thousand retail outlets across India covered through a network consisting of 1800 redistribution stockiest and 27 main stockiest. This is facilitated by a sales and marketing team of over 300 professionals. Established in 1927 at la Ferte-Milon in France, Reynolds has over the past eight decades been a leader in writing instruments in Europe and the rest of the world. In 1946, the headquarters and factory were shifted to Valence, in the south of France. The company is headquartered at Valence till date. With 450 employees, Reynolds, France has a daily production of 4 million writing instruments. Of this, exports account for 50% of sales. It has a worldwide market presence in 80 countries around the globe. Reynolds has 12 of its own manufacturing units established in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. The year 1999 was a landmark year in the history of Reynolds. Since then it has been a member company of Sanford Corporation, USA. Sanford is a US $ 1. 2 billion company. Sanford is in turn the writing instruments division of the US $ 7 billion Newell Rubbermaid group. Sanford has the broadest range of writing, arking, coloring and drawing products worldwide.The main objective of our project is to know why the sales of Reynolds pen have declined so drastically and what are the reasons behind this . To know reasons behind this we did exploratory research to know- Why the consumers have switched to other company products. What is the defect in product. 0 Assess the current market share of Reynolds pen. 0 Is there any problem in design of pen. 0 Is there any problem in creating awareness about product The factors which are affecting our research design are Qualitative and Quantitative actors. To know this we will conduct Qualitative research first because we want to know why the sales of Reynolds pen has been declining and secondly we will conduct Quantitative research to know what are the reasons behind this. The type of research used for our study was an exploratory research, as the objective of the research was to have in depth understanding what are the reasons why the sales of Reynolds pen has been declining continuously . We have started our research. However we covered a specific list of topics and sub areas. This was done in the form of close ended question, where the timing, exact wording and time allocated to each question area was left at the interviewers. Since the research was qualitative as well as quantitative more emphasis has to be given while collecting data. Discretion open structure ensured that inspected facts or data could peruse easily. Mode of Interviewing: In research we have done face to face interview Sampling:- It consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was collected by applying probability. Under Non-probability we will use Convenience Sampling because we have to collect data from college going students . Where as secondary data was obtained by seeing past sales records of Reynolds pen, magazines, newspapers and by various other methods. Sample size:- We have selected sample of 100 college going students . We have kept our sample size small so that we may collect data accurately with precession. If we would have elected large sample size it would have become difficult for us to collect data.

Essay Essay Example for Free

Essay Essay There are many things in our life that we can compare and contrast to one another, but one subject that stands out to me would be the differences between male and female friends. We all have friends that are male and female in our life. Although, we do not really notice it sometimes but there are many similarities and differences between having male and female friends. Therefore, in this paper I will be explaining the similarities and differences in having male and female friends. When talking about female friends, most people think about emotions. Female friends love to talk to each other about emotions, which draws them closer as friends. They talk about the deepest problems and never hold back how they feel to one another. Female friends will also show physical contact by hugging one another and kissing each other’s cheek. They also are more comfortable around each other. For example, females are not scared to change clothes around each other and tell each other how they are really feeling. Although, having a female friend is more capable to put drama in our life. Drama is something most girls strive for; they love to have a lot of drama in their life. This addiction for females can cause a lot of problems for themselves as well as their closest friends. Having a female friend can also be an advantage for other females because; they will let their friends borrow each other’s items. Therefore, if someone needs a new dress for a party they can j ust look into their friends closet and simply take it for the night. Female friends are good to have although male friends are completely different than the female friends in our life. Although when we talk about male friends, most people think loyalty. Unlike female friends male friends do not like to talk about emotions. Males like to talk about other things as in, basketball games, different girls they think are cute, or how life is going in general. Male friends also do not show physical contact like female friends do. Male friends do not like to  usually hug or touch their female or male friends unless it is their significant other. They also do not hide anything; they will tell us the truth no matter how bad it will hurt us. Unlike female friends they do not like nor carry drama. Male friends do not like drama at all, they stand as far away as possible from it. The advantage of having a male friend is they do not strive for drama like females, so we will not be pulled into their problems. Also unlike female friends, males do not let other friends borrow their clothes, they rarely let anyone touch or wear their clothes but themselves. These many differences between male and female friends that I have mentioned also have similarities. No matter how many differences male and female friends have, there are also many similarities. Having both male and female friends give us many options on who we can go and talk to about anything. No matter if they are a female or male friend, we know that they will always be here to protect us and listen to every problem we have. Both types of friends also make us feel wanted and loved. Even if we are having a bad day we have both genders of friends to cheer us up not matter the circumstances. In conclusion, female and male friends are similar and different in many ways. We need to be friends with both female and male to make a good balance in our friendships. No matter how much female or male friends we have they all benefit us in many ways. Although, there are many differences in the gender of friends, they are always here for us no matter the differences or similarities.

Trichomonas Vaginalis and HIV in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women

Trichomonas Vaginalis and HIV in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women PREVALENCE OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS AND HIV CO-INFECTION AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC PREGNANT WOMEN IN ZARIA, NORTHERN NIGERIA ABSTRACT Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Serious adverse reproductive health outcomes including pregnancy complications, pelvic inflammatory disease, and an increased risk of HIV acquisition have been linked to Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Objective: To determine the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in asymptomatic pregnant women and their HIV status in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive study, using a proforma to obtain demographic and reproductive health information from consenting pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. Vaginal swab and blood samples was taken and analysed for Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV respectively. Data was analysed using SPSS V17 with p value of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The overall prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis was 19.2%.There was an inverse relationship between the level of education and acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnancy; women having no formal education had a higher prevalence of the Trichomonas vaginalis infection (7.5%) as against those who had tertiary education (1.7%). The 26- 30 years age group had the highest prevalence of both HIV infection (5.0%) and Trichomonas vaginalis infection (5.8%); strongly suggesting the possibility of co-infection between the two agents. There was a statistically significant association between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and HIV infection with a P value of 0.0003. The relative risk of acquiring HIV in the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection was 4. (RR 4.193 confidence Interval 1.756-10.01). Conclusion: Improvement of the socioeconomic status and education of women especially sexual health; will reduce the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV co-infection. Keywords: Pregnancy, Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV infection INTRODUCTION Trichomonas vaginalis has continued to cause serious adverse reproductive health outcomes including pregnancy complications, pelvic inflammatory disease, and an increased risk of HIV acquisition1 The magnitude of social and economic consequences of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in developing countries has made it a major public health problem. 2, 3 STIs are also found in pregnant women and the prevalence is higher in Africa causing significant maternal and perinatal morbidity. 3-5 Trichomonas vaginalis is a unicellular flagellate protozoan organisms that cause STI.6 Many STIs including those due to Trichomonas, can be transmitted to the fetus via transplacental spread or by passage through the birth canal and via lactation to the neonate. 6 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and other Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) have been associated with a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes which includes abortion, stillbirth, preterm delivery, low birth weight, postpartum sepsis, neonatal pneumonia, neonatal blindness congenital infection. 2-5, 7 Recent research has shown that having one untreated STI increases the risk of contracting another potentially more dangerous one, like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection if there is exposure. 8, 9Trichomoniasis in pregnancy has been reported to impacts adversely on birth outcomes and is also a co-factor in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission and acquisition. 10, 11 Clinical infection with Trichomonas vaginalis in the neonate is an unusual occurrence and has been reported in a two weeks old girl child presenting with vaginal discharge with complete resolution to metronidazole treatment.12 Due to high frequency of the infection during pregnancy and the development of metronidazole-resistant isolates, therapeutic alternatives to 5-nitroimidazole are being searched like Triterpenes; which are natural products presenting several biological activities such as anti-protozoal activity.13 The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infections are typically underestimated due to poor sensitivity of diagnostic tests.6 However, the World Health Organization (WHO) quoted the overall prevalence as 3.1%.6, 14 In Nigeria the prevalence observed in an Enugu study was 6.9%; 15 4.7% was seen in Ilorin16 and 29.8% in Lagos.17 In the sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, Trichomoniasis has neither been the focus of intensive study nor of active control programs, and this neglect is likely a function of the relatively mild nature of the disease. 18 This study explored the rate of Trichomonas infection in pregnancy as well as the level of co-infection with HIV with a view to adding to the growing body of literature and suggests control measures. METHODOLOGY This was a cross sectional study which was conducted over a three month period. Questionnaires were used to obtain the socio-demographic and reproductive profile from consenting clients who were attending antenatal clinic for the first time in their current pregnancy at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Northern Nigeria. High vaginal swabs and blood specimens for both Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV were obtained and analysed. The data obtained was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 17.0 for windows. The level of significance was considered to be p-value Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV infection was determined using the Epi-Info software. RESULTS A total of 120 women consented for the study. The socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of the patients are as shown in Table 1.0. The mean age was 28.5 + 2.3years, mean gravidity was 3.5 and 20 weeks was the average gestational age at booking. The overall prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis was 19.2%. The 26-30 years age groups having a value of 5.8% which was closely followed by age group 21-25years with 5.0%. The lowest prevalence was found at age group 36-40years. Low level of education is shown to have a positive impact on the acquisition of vaginal Trichomonas vaginalis. Clients having low level of education had a higher prevalence of the Trichomonas vaginalis; 7.5% was seen in those with Koranic (non-formal) education. The prevalence was however lowest in those who had tertiary education 1.7%.- The highest prevalence was seen in clients who were housewives (10.5%); students and civil servants had the lowest prevalence of 1.7% and 2.5% respectively. Mutigravidae are more likely than primigravidae to have Trichomonas vaginalis infection (15.0% vs. 4.1%). The prevalence was observed to be highest in the second trimester (10.8%) as compared to the first and third trimester which were 5.0% and 3.3% respectively. The frequency distribution of HIV status in the study population among the consenting client is shown in Table 2.0. Sixteen out of 98 were positive for HIV giving a prevalence of 16.3%. Figure 1.0 shows the percentage distribution of HIV by client’s age group. It was observed that HIV was more prevalent in age group 26-30years (5.0%) and was least prevalent in the older age group of 36-40years (0.8%). The relationship between the occurrence of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV infection is shown in a two by two table (Table 2.0). DISCUSSION The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis found in this study was 19.2%. The World Health Organization quoted a prevalence of between 3.0- 3.1%6, 14, 19, but added that there was under reporting of the infection. Prevalence rates as high as 29.8% was found in Lagos, Nigeria 17 16.0% was seen in Mwanza, Tanzania20 and a lower rate of 4.7% and 6.9% were found in Ilorin, Nigeria 16 and Enugu, Nigeria15 respectively. A prevalence of 3.7% was seen in a study in Togo.21 Our result compares with that of Tanzania. In the age related prevalence, the study showed a steady increase in prevalence between ages of 16 to 30years, with the highest rate of 5.8% occurring in the age group 26-30years. This may suggest an increasing sexual activities along the age line considering the fact that Trichomonas vaginalis is sexually transmitted. This can also probably explain the decline in prevalence in the older age group with lowest rate of 0.8% at age group 35-40years. There is however a slight variation with the Enugu study which found the highest age related prevalence of 3.7% among the age group 20-25years. There was an inverse relationship between the level of education and acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnancy; women having no formal education had a higher prevalence of the Trichomonas vaginalis infection (7.5%) as against those who had tertiary education (1.7%). This was consistent with findings in Enugu and Ilorin where low level of education was associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Formal education is associated with improvement in personal hygiene and sexual behavior. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis was highest among housewives and least among students; this was unlike the Enugu study that found the highest prevalence to be among the business group. The sociocultural backgrounds of the two environment relatively differs and the lack formal education among housewives in our environment can be a predisposing factor to the acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. There appears to be a relationship between parity, trimester of pregnancy and infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. Previous pregnancies was recorded in the literature to be a risk factor.10 This study showed a higher prevalence rate among the multigravidae as compared to primigravidae. The prevalence was highest in the second trimester of pregnancy as compared to other trimesters. This findings was similar that of Cotch et al4 in their study of vaginal infections and prematurity; where Trichomonas vaginalis infection was commonest in mid gestation. The mean age at booking was 20 weeks showing that most women were seen in the second trimester when Trichomonas vaginalis infection was more likely to be present. The prevalence of HIV infection in this study was 16.8% which was higher than the national average of 3.4% and Kaduna state average of 9.2%. 22 This may be explained by the fact that most of the clients were in their reproductive years and the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria was a major referral center for the Prevention of Mother To Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Northern Nigeria. Both HIV and Trichomonas vaginalis infection were highest in the age group 26-30 years; this was strongly suggestive of the possibility of co-infection between the two agents. There was a statistically significant association between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and HIV infection with a P value of 0.0003. There was a four times relative risk of acquiring HIV in the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection (RR 4.193 confidence Interval 1.756-10.01). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Routine screening for STIs like Trichomonas vaginalis during antenatal period should be the standard of care because of its proven benefits on the outcome of pregnancy. Metronidazole which is the treatment option when found, is a cheap, readily available and safe in pregnancy. Additionally, screening for HIV co-infection will add value to healthcare services in the antenatal clinic. Improvement of the socioeconomic status and formal education in women especially sexual health and lifestyle modification is likely to reduce the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV co infection. REFERENCE: Coleman JS, Gaydos CA, Witter F. Trichomonas vaginalis Vaginitis in Obstetrics and Gynecology Practice: New Concepts and Controversies. Obstet Gynecol Surv. Jan 2013; 68(1): 43–50. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e318279fb7d Begum A, Nilufar S, Akther K, Rahman A, Khatun F, Rahman M. Prevalence of selected reproductive tract infections among pregnant women attending an urban maternal and childcare unit in Dhaka, Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2003; 21: 112-6. Muelen J, Mgaya HN, Chang-Claude J, et al. Risk factors for HIV infection in gynaecological inpatients in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, 1988-1990. East Afr Med J 1992; 69: 688-92. Cotch MF, Pastorek JG, Nugent RP: Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery.The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Sex Transm Dis 1997 Jul; 24(6): 353-60 Shuter J, Bell D, Graham D, Holbrook KA, Bellin EY. Rates of and risk factors for trichomoniasis among pregnant inmates in New York City. Sex Transm Dis 1998; 25: 303-7. Richard Gentry Wilkerson, et al. Trichomoniasis via http/eMedicine emergency medicine>infectious disease. Accessed March 20 2008, 1430hrs. Sebitloane HM, Moodley J, Esterhuizen TM. Pathogenic lower genital tract organisms in HIV-infected and uninfected women, and their association with postpartum infectious morbidity. S Afr Med J. 2011 Jun 27; 101(7):466-9. Ament, L. A. and E. Whalen (1996). â€Å"Sexually transmitted diseases in pregnancy: diagnosis, impact, and intervention.† J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 25(8): 657-66. Borchardt, K. A. (1994). â€Å"Trichomoniasis: its clinical significance and diagnostic challenges.† Am Clin Lab 13(9): 20-1. Laga M, Manoka A, Kivuvu M, et al. Non- ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS 1993; 7: 95-102. Sorvillo F, Smith L., Kerndt P, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV and African-Americans. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:927-32 (Medline). Irving S D, James M S et al; Neonatal T. Vaginalis infection. Journal of Emergency Medicine; vol 13 issue 1 Jan – Feb 1995. 51-54 Innocente AM, Vieira PB, Frasson AP, Casanova BB, Gosmann G, Gnoatto SC, Tasca T. Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity from triterpenoid derivatives. Parasitol Res. 2014 Aug; 113(8):2933-40. doi: 10.1007/s00436-014-3955-0. Madeline S et al Trichomoniasis highly prevalent in US black women clin infec dis 2007; 45:1319-1325 Chigozie J. U, Cletus D. C. U., Ali, Mirian A. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women in South – Eastern Nigeria; a public health importance. The internet Journal of obstetrics and gynecology accessed 20th April 2008. Aboyeji AP, Nwabuisi C. Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant women in Ilorin, Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol 2003; 23: 637-9. Oladele TO et al, Reliance on microscopy in T. Vaginalis Diagnosis and prevalence in female presenting with vaginal discharge in Lagos Nigeria.eMedicine on pubmed accessed 20 August 2008 2100Hrs Ogunjobi BO, Osola AO; Trichomonal Vagintis in Nigerian Women; Tropical Geographic Medicine 1984 36(1): 67-70. WHO: Trichomoniasis. Available at: http://www.who.int. Mayaud P, Uledi E, Cornelissen J, et al. Risk scores to detect cervical infections in urban antenatal clinic attenders in Mwanza, Tanzania. Sex Transm Infect 1998; 74 Suppl 1: S139-46. Tchelougou DI, Karou DS, Kpotsra A, Balaka A, Assih M, Bamoke M, Katawa G, Anani K, Simpore J, de Souza C. Vaginal infections in pregnant women at the Regional Hospital of Sokode (Togo) in 2010 and 2011. Med Sante Trop. 2013 Jan-Mar;23 (1):49-54. doi: 10.1684/mst.2013.0142. Federal Ministry of Health [Nigeria] (2013). National HIV AIDS and Reproductive Health Survey, 2012 (NARHS Plus). Federal Ministry of Health Abuja, Nigeria. Pp 40-42. 1