Assessment Critique

Assessment Critique Sandra Whitney California State University, Northridge SPED 501 M/M Dr. Haney A. General Information The Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Second Edition (KTEA-II) is an individually administered measure of academic achievement for ages 4. 5 through 25. The test is available in 2 versions. The Brief Form assesses achievement in reading, math and written expression. The Comprehensive Form covers reading, math, written language, and oral language. It also provides an analysis of students’ errors.Examiners can obtain a Comprehensive Achievement Composite in about 30 minutes for younger children and 85 minutes for the oldest students. The Comprehensive Form has 2 independent, parallel forms (A and B). The KTEA-II was written by Alan and Nadeen Kaufman and is published by AGS Publishing. B. Brief Description of Test Scoring & Types of Scores Derived The KTEA-II was designed to measure student progress. Some of its applications include assessing achievemen t, identifying processes, analyzing errors, program planning, measuring academic progress, evaluating interventions/programs, and making placement decisions.After reviewing the Manual, I believe the KTEA-II would be a good measure of academic achievement and student progress. The KTEA-II’s authors examined literature reviews and recommendations from experts in different subject areas in order to define which skills should be measured in each achievement domain. Three national tryouts of the KTEAII Comprehensive Form Materials were conducted between 2000 and 2001. These trials illustrated whether each subtest had enough items to be reliable and provided adequate coverage of skills at each grade level.They also allowed for statistical analysis to identify and modify/remove items that had poor discrimination or were differentially difficult according to sex or ethnicity. Finally, the tryouts provided valuable information regarding item difficulties that was necessary for constru cting standardization forms that would be parallel in content and level of examinee performance. I believe the KTEA-II is well designed. I especially like the fact that it provides a Clinical Analysis of Errors and that the authors utilized input from experts when designing/selecting test items.The analysis of errors can help a teacher identify specific areas in which the student demonstrates weak, average, or strong skill development. I feel the KTEA-II’s design and norms make it suitable for most populations between the ages of 4. 5 and 25. As a special educator, a real positive feature is the inclusion of examinees with special classification or diagnosis. However, I do not feel the KTEA-II is suitable for English Language Learners. The manual specifically states that the test was normed to represent the US population of children and young adults who speak English.C: Validity, Normative Population Data, &Types of Scores Derived The norm sample consisted of 3,000 examinees aged 4? through 25. The grade norms are based on 2,400 of the examinees in Grades K-12. The standardization took place from September 2001 through May 2003. All age levels had between 100 and 200 participants, except age 19, which had 80. The KTEA-II sample was based on the 2001 Current population Survey and designed to match the US population with regards to sex, parent education, ethnicity, and educational status of examinees aged 18 to 25.The sample was representative in terms of geographic region, with a few exceptions at a couple of age levels. Examinees with special disability classification or diagnosis were also included in the standardization sample. These participants had a specific learning disability, speech/language impairment, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, mental retardation, emotional/behavioral disturbance or were gifted and talented. One shortcoming in the norms is the failure to provide a breakdown of rural/urban participants.For internal consistency, t he overall Comprehensive Achievement composite coefficient was very reliable at (. 97). The core composites for Reading (. 96), Mathematics (. 96), and Written Language (. 93) are also highly reliable. However, the Oral Language composite (. 87) and Oral Fluency (. 85) fall below the desired (. 90) standard for reliability. The Sound-Symbol and Decoding composites are adequately reliable at all age levels. Because of the format for the subtests for the Reading Fluency composite, it is not possible to evaluate the internal consistency.The internal consistency coefficients are lower for subtests than composites. Most of the Reading and Mathematics subtests, and the Spelling subtest coefficients are sufficiently reliable. The majority of coefficients for the Oral Language subtests and the Written Expression subtest are less than (. 90). The coefficients for Nonsense Word Decoding are acceptable; but the majority of coefficients for the Phonological Awareness, Associational Fluency, and Naming Facility are below (. 90).To assess the stability of the KTEA-II scores over a period of weeks, the test was administered twice to 221 children from three grade ranges (Pre-K to Grade 1, Grades 2 through 6, and Grades 7 through 12). The retest interval ranged from 11 to 60 days and averaged 3? to 4 weeks. Alternate-form reliability was also examined in this analysis because about half the students took Form A first and Form B second; the other half took the test in the opposite order. The reliability correlations for the three grade ranges for the Comprehensive Achievement composite were (. 92), (. 94), and (. 5), respectively. For Pre-K to Grade 1, only the overall Reading and Decoding composites are sufficiently reliable. Coefficients for the Mathematics (. 87), Written Language (. 85), Oral Language (. 64), Sound-Symbol (. 84) and Oral Fluency (. 59) composites are all below (. 90). Letter & Word Recognition is the only subtest for Pre-K to Grade 1 with adequate reliabili ty (. 97). Coefficients for the rest of the subtests range from (. 47) to (. 88). For Grades 2 through 6 the Mathematics, Written Language, Reading Fluency, and Decoding Composites all had coefficients of at least (. 0). The Reading (. 87), Oral Language (. 68), Sound-Symbol (. 80), and Oral Fluency (. 67) composites are less than . 90. All subtest correlations are less than (. 90), except Spelling, Nonsense Word Decoding, and Decoding Fluency. Coefficients for the Reading (. 89), Oral Language (. 81), and Oral Fluency (. 76) composites are below . 90 for Grades 7 through 12. Correlations for the Mathematics, Written Language, Reading Fluency, and Decoding composites are all adequate. All subtest correlations, except Math Computation, are less than (. 90).Outside reviewers note that because stability and alternate-form reliability were not separated in this analysis, it is impossible to know whether results for some components are unstable, whether the forms differ, or both. The Ora l Language composite is problematic because of its internal consistency and stability correlations are consistently below (. 90). Interrater reliability was evaluated for Written Expression, Oral Expression, Reading Comprehension, Listening Comprehension, and Associational Fluency because they require judgment in scoring and are most susceptible to difference in scoring among examiners.The cases used 50 students at each of two grade levels. Students from Grade 2 or 3 completed Form A and students from Grade 8 completed Form B. Three or four examiners scored each level of each subtest. Correlations were all above (. 90), except Oral Expression at both grade levels (. 82 and . 88) and Associational Fluency at Grade 2 (. 82). The authors took many steps to ensure the validity of items on the KTEA-II. These efforts included literature reviews, consultation with experts in the field, and field testing.Intercorrelation of subtests and composites are provided at each age and grade level an d address construct validity. Moderate to high correlations were found between the majority of subtests and composites, except for the Oral Language domain. The average correlation between Oral Expression and Listening Comprehension was (. 46). Low correlations for these subtests and composite suggest they are measuring skills not closely related to other sections of the test. Factor analysis was used for the eight primary subtests of the KTEA-II Comprehensive Form, using the entire age-norm sample for Grade 1 through age 25.Confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for a four-factor model (math, reading, written language, and oral language), as this model had good fit statistics and high loadings on the factors for all subtests. To evaluate concurrent validity, the KTEA-II Comprehensive Form was administered along with one or more achievement or cognitive abilities tests. Administration of the two tests occurred in counterbalanced order, with approximately half of the cases ta king the KTEA-II first and the other half taking it second.Administration of the two tests could occur on the same day or separated by as much as 60 days. When compared to the original Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (K-TEA), the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test–Second Edition (WIAT-II), the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement–Third Edition (WJIII ACH), and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test–Revised, Normative Update (PIAT-R/NU), high overall composite correlations were found (range . 84 to . 94). At the composite and subtest level, moderate to high correlations were generally found for the domains of reading, mathematics, and written language.However, the Oral Language composite correlations were mixed, with one as low as (. 08). When the KTEA-II was compared to the Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS), a (. 75) correlation was found between the written expression subtests. Correlations in the (. 40’s) were found between the oral ex pression and listening comprehension subtests for the two measures. The relationship between the KTEA-II and several intelligence tests was also examined. Composites from the KTEA-II correlate in the low to moderately high range (from. 13 to . 4) with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children–Second Edition (KABC-II;), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC-III; Wechsler), the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities–Third Edition (WJ III COG). Students diagnosed with reading, mathematics, and writing learning disabilities; cognitive impairment; attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; and emotional or behavioral disturbance and those who were deaf or hard of hearing had mean scores below average on all subtests and composites. Children identified as high performing or talented received mean scores above average for all subtests and composites.In terms of validity, comprehensive evidence is provided in support of the testâ€℠¢s content validity. The addition of an Oral Language section to the KTEA-II seems beneficial, but is an area of particular concern in terms of both reliability and validity. I believe the Oral Language results should be interpreted cautiously. Outside reviewers caution that there is a danger of overestimating or underestimating a student’s performance due to steep item gradients on the KTEA-II. When tests have steep item gradients, a 1-point change in raw scores can result in a large change in standard scores when using the KTEA-II.In some cases, a 1-point change in a raw score results in a change of as much as 13 standard score points. Reviewers have also found that although the norms for the KTEA-II begin at 4 to 6, most subtests do not have adequate floors at this age. Instruments without adequate floors do not have enough easy items to discriminate between students with and without skill deficits. Several concerns exist in regard to the adequacy of some KTEA-II subtest f loors; thus, it is suggested that examiners check floor adequacy when assessing younger children. Using a subtest with an inadequate floor may overestimate performance at certain ages.

How Tourism Promote Culture of Peace Essay

â€Å"I have watched the cultures of all lands blow around my house and other winds have blown the seeds of peace, for travel is the language of peace.† .. . Mahatma Gandhi Does tourism promote culture of peace? The tourism has become the important industry in the developing countries for the economic development. Tourism appears to be one of the few economic sectors able to guide a number of developing countries to higher levels of prosperity and for some to leave behind their least developed country status: As tourism is one of the world’s major industries and in continuously expanding. Tourism is the biggest and fastest growing industry in the world. Peace is a precondition for travel and tourism and all aspects of human growth and development. Tourism can rise above governmental boundaries by bringing people closer together through the understanding of different cultures, heritages, and beliefs. Therefore, it is potentially one of the most important vehicles for promoting peace among the peoples of the world. Tourism society of England (1976) defines tourism as â€Å"Tourism is a temporary short term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination.† It includes movements for all purposes. Alister Matheison and Geoffrey wall in their book â€Å"Tourism Economic, Physical and Social Impact† 1980 have tourism as â€Å"it is the temporary movement of the people to destination outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destination and facilities created to cater to their needs.† Tourism has a wide range of positive economic impacts. It contributes directly to sales, profits, jobs, tax revenues, and income in the primary tourism sectors such as hotels, restaurants and transportation. Positive aspects of Tourism * Provides employment opportunities * Increases incomes and governmental revenues * Increased gross national products * Can promote local products and resources * Promotes a global community * Promotes international understanding and peace As there are also negative aspect of tourism which creates the social problems, degrades natural physical environment and creates pollution. It also increases the crime, prostitution and gambling but in another way it can be develop as a part of tourism. There are some criticisms on tourism that creates conflict in the host country, and commercialize culture, region and arts. So we can relate tourism and peace as peace can be simply known as â€Å"the absence of war† and calls for new positive concept of peace accepting the perspective of an organic and interconnected world. Regarding the peace; World tourism conference in Manila in 1980, declared that world tourism can be vital force for the world peace. So the tourism industry has a role of promoting global understanding, trust and world peace. Further, United Nations has also focused on peace and tourism and has identified creating peace through tourism is an important means to create peace in the world. Marxist theorist also assumed that inequality is a cause of conflict. More than inequality between individuals, rather inequality between ethnic groups or between regions referred as horizontal inequality. The major thing is the movement of people as a tourism triggers important process of capital formation and wealth distribution. It also helps to change the fundamental nature and social cultural relation of the people. Moreover, tourism reduces social inequalities by uplifting the living conditions of marginalized people which also helps to reduce structural violence. From the peace studies point of view, we considers tourism has potential to reduce violence as tourism is consumed at the point of production of increasing opportunities for individual and micro enterprises to sell additional products or services. Tourism is also based on diversity drawing from a large resources base which increases scope of wider participation. Tourism helps to raise living standard of people and deprived communities. Based on the common perception of the link between Tourism and peace, a number of scholars have argued for a role for tourism in the promotion of peace for specific countries. The relationship of the USA and the People’s Republic of China is a good example of the contribution of tourism to world peace. After the terrorists’ attack to the World Trade Centre on the 11th of September 2001, there was a significant decline (6.8 per cent fewer international tourists visiting than the previous year) in the number of tourists as was seen in the financial difficulty of many aviation companies. Terrorist attacks have sprung up in many tourist destinations, such as Bali and more recently Madrid. D’ Amore (1988) suggested that the key to a changed political relationship between the USA and the People’s Republic of China was opening travel in various forms such as conferences, sports and trade. The role of tourism in the promotion of peace compatible with liberalism has been supported by a number of examples such as relations between the USA and the People’s Republic of China and the People’s Republic of China and Taiwan. The nature of traditional society is both an expression and cause of underdevelopment. So major and fundamental changes must occur across social, cultural, political and economic values, institutions and patterns of action if modernization to occur. There is a close relationship between economies and violent conflict. Conflict begins with the economic factor that makes some societies move to conflict. One of the main factors is poverty, mostly feature in civil wars. Economic growth is also associated with lower levels of conflict. If there would be policy that aim to promote growth in developing countries are in effect, agents of conflict prevention. Absence of war is an essential condition for peace and for the development, but it is not at all sufficient for any people to feel peaceful. Peace contains more positive concept. Tourism is not only the beneficiary of peace, but also vital force for negative and positive peace. Tourism should be designed and conducted in a proper way because it has both benefits and costs to local and global economy and society, culture and environment. If all the actors play their own role, tourism can gradually lead to peace. Tourism can lead peace when it is properly conducted by each actor and when more people can have opportunities to serve in this sector. Tourism is recognized as an instrument of social and cultural understanding by the opportunity offered to bring different people in contact and to provide facility of a acquisition and exchange of information about the way of life, cultures, languages and other social and economic endowments of the people as well as a change for making friendships and achieving goodwill and peace. The basic assumption of those who see tourism as a peace generator is that tourism allows people to know each other, to work with each other, and to learn to appreciate each other’s cultures and by so doing come to appreciate each other. The role of tourism and peace can be viewed from two perspectives, namely socio cultural and political (Kunwar, 2010). The political perspective on tourism and world peace focuses upon tourism as a promoter of national integration and international understanding, goodwill and peace. Peace tourism sees every traveler as an ambassador to peace. Socially and environmentally responsible tourism helps to foster stability, economic equity, and ultimately, a more peaceful society. Tourism can become a vital force to promote positive peace. Although tourism has negative and positive impacts, all the actors involved in tourism seems to recognize the necessity of global perspective, aided by the growing concern for sustainability in tourism. Based on a long-term perspective, tourism in a sustainable way can maximize the revenues of destination communities and governments and the profits of tourism enterprises, and keep attracting tourists and motivating local populations. Sustainable tourism satisfies tourists and host regions by protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future. The ultimate aims of tourism should be heading towards creating a better quality of life for all people, tolerance, economic sustainability and the reduction of structural violence. It has been argued that tourism is a positive force able to reduce tension and hostility by promoting peace in international relations. Tourism has significant political implications in world politics and international relations. Governments can use tourism as a political leverage to either promote tourism with friendly countries or restrict tourism with hostile countries by controlling the movement of tourists and the opportunities to have people-to people contacts. Therefore promotion of tourism leads to establish the global â€Å"culture of peace†. REFERENCES * Alon Gelbman (2008): Border Tourism in Israel: Conflict, Peace, Fear and Hope, Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 10:2, 193-213 * Dallen J. Timothy (1999): Cross-Border Partnership in Tourism Resource Management: International Parks along the US-Canada Border, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7:3-4, 182-205 * Ap, John, and Turgut Var (1990): Does Tourism promote World Peace? Tourism Management 11(3):267-273 * Anson, Caroline (1991): Planning for Peace: The role of tourism in the aftermath of violence. journal of travel Research 38(1): 57-61

Analytical Essay on Film Essay

With reference to at least TWO films from the film list, discuss the way that new digital technology has had an effect on film form and/or exhibition Digital technology has transformed the way we have our cinematic experiences has evolved (DreamWorks). With evolving technology the cinema has taken leaps and bounds in expanding the vision of a director to showcase his talent . Keeping the perspective of technology in our view ,we move on to explain its impact on two very popular blockbuster movies of our time a) The Gladiator directed by Ridley Scott and b) The Avatar directed by James Cameroon. Gladiator is a historical epic film directed by Ridley Scott. The movie depicts the life of loyal Roman General Maximus Decimus Meridius. He is shown to be betrayed by the Emperor’s ambitious son, Commodus, who happens to murders his father and thus seizes the throne. Reduced to a state of abject slavery, Maximus is seen to rise through the ranks of the gladiatorial arena to avenge the Emperor and the murder of his family. Gladiator is a movie of the kind upon which Hollywood has carefully built its reputation but unfortunately very rarely makes anymore: the spectacle. Replete with larger-than-life characters, wonderful scenery, set design of amazing grand scale, and storytelling of epic nature, Gladiator is designed not just to entertain, but to enthral. It draws audiences in and immerses them in a reality that is not their own. A boisterous reaction is expected every time the protagonist defies the odds and wins a conflict, or changes the tide of battle in his favour. This is filmmaking on a grand scale (The Tech). Use of virtual reality to recreate scenes of Roman arcade has been extensively used in this movie. The entire city of Rome has been digitally recreated for this movie with entire effective reconstruction of ancient setting. It is as if the entire city has been recreated with complete recreated spaces with the characters moving in and out of the spaces.. The virtual reality created makes it surreal and thus gives the movie a more of life experience bringing parts of history into the present context. . The initial battle scene in which Maximus is leading an army to quell a rebellion has also showed wonderful use of fast paced camera technique. Read Also:  Analytical Essay Rubric This technique of capturing more frames in a given shot has made sure that the scenes have been beautifully captured and the exact imagery is being provided to the audience. The colossal fire power and the destruction ,along with the fast paced weapon movement has been because of the use of technology . Careful looking at the scenes we would realise that they start with a very fast movement of the weapon sword or axe but then it gradually slows down as the weapon comes close to the body of the individual . This carefully magnifies the annihilating power of the weapon. The heads roll slowly, the bodies tumble as if the characters are in trance. The very nature of death has been magnified with the use of digital technology. One of the most dramatic use of technology in the movie has been the recreation of the entire Roman empire. The cities, the decoration, the costumes of the characters are such that they look like pulled straight out of the old times of the Roman Empire. The entire set of Roman buildings and the grandeur involved has been exquisitely created out of digital technology. The entire set of war arenas, the prisons where the slaves are kept have been remarkably lit and crafted using digital technology. One of the other important features present with the movie is the surrealism of the flashback scenes. The flashbacks have been move from immediate fast paced scenes. to the slow paced scenes. This the director has used to differentiate between reality and dreams involved. One of the most amazing scenes of surrealism used in the movie is that of Maximum dreaming about his wife and children . Out of extreme pain he shuts his eyes, the camera there moves out of focus. Then gradually he moves into a slow surreal dream which has been exquisitely captured by the cameras. One of the other striking features of use of technology in the movie has been the arcade battle scenes between the Gladiators and the slaves. The quick jabs of the axes, the thrust of the spears and the movement of the fast axes has been captured remarkably well. It is interesting to note that even the tigers used in the movie have been digitally created. The battle scenes with the tigers are a visual treat making the battle scenes even more deadly and thus visually appealing. One of the other marvels of the battle scenes is the way the moving chariots have been captured. The camera focuses in and out carefully out of the rolling giant wheel . Then there is an obstruction and out of extreme slow motion the chariot swings into the air . It lands and the places is strewn with bodies . The scenes have been made even more gory with blood and rattles bones almost filling up the entire scenes. Everything however digitally recreated . One of the major crowd puller in Gladiator is its action scenes (Film Review). Thanks for the presence of digital technology the movie have done justice to Roman grandeur. One of Scott’s greatest achievements with the epic Gladiator is not in keeping the pacing of a 2 1/2 hour movie tight nor is choreographing a spectacular battle scene, but it with creating a second-century Rome that looks entirely credible and powerfully stunning in its detail. Ancient Rome has always been one of the most romanticized civilizations in the history of mankind, however rarely has it been brought to life with the grandeur as that in this film. The Coliseum, for example, has been resurrected to its full glory (largely through the use of digital technology). Gladiator consistently looks good, although, during some of the fights, rapid cutting creates a sense of disorientation and confusion This movie is also helped with the fact Ridley Scott is at the helm of affairs (). He has as always been a fine visual stylist; in this movie he fantastically uses ample digital effects to re-create the complete world of Ancient Rome in its full living glory on the screen. Carefully looking at the shots of Coliseum, perfectly intact and brimming with crowds of spectators, are breathtaking. Moreover, Scott has perfectly staged half a dozen elaborate action sequences like this is the Apocalyptic end , pulling out all the stops, and filling the screen with swords and tigers and chariots, visually amazing. The use of digital technology is also carefully amplifies in the movie Avatar. Being one of the very first movies to use SFX technology and extreme high speed camera. The movie was a visual treat with 3-D viewing. Interestingly the entire movie sequences have been recreated out of use of beautiful 3-D techniques. Avatar has used a lot of innovative visual effects. The work on the film was delayed because the visual effects to be used had to be researched carefully and developed to reach the required level of expertise. Photorealistic computer-generated characters were used by the director they were , created by the thorough use of the new motion-capture based animation technologies which Cameron had been developing for straight 14 months leading up to the date of release of December 2006 The innovations used in the movie encompassed the introduction of a new system for lighting up of gigantic areas like Pandora’s jungle, a motion-capture stage or â€Å"volume† six times larger than any previously used, and an improved method of capturing facial expressions, enabling full performance capture. To implement the new method of facial expression the artists used skull caps fitted with camera that were positioned very close to their faces These cameras captured images and information that were later transmitted to computers. Thus this new method allows filmmakers to transfer 100% of the physical performances of the actors and thus helping to digitalize them and thus to codify as per the requirement. Moreover this kind of camera technique also allowed the actors to have multiple angles for each performance. One of the most technically challenging part was when computer generated forms interacted with human forms, where proper attention had to be paid to the lights used between the forms and the shadows that are formed. The digitization used in the movie was so humongous that at a time around 900 people were employed for the computer graphics section. The extent of data to be used was so huge that a new cloud computing system called Garia (Digital Asset Management) was created by Microsoft to manage the data stored. It helped the technicians to co-ordinate all the different stages of digitization. A special server was specially designed to handle the graphic requirement of the movie. Special texturing and paint software system called Mari was also used to automate the rendering processes. A lot of other companies like The Foundry and Industrial Light and Magic worked along with Weta to create the battle sequences of the movie Thus James brought a different world of virtual reality into light with this movie based on his entire new set of camera and filming system. The fictional planet of Pandora was thus brought to life with the co creations of James and his team . Thus it was a movie based on virtual cameras and stereoscopic cameras of the order no other movie had ever used. The 3D effects thus allowed the viewers to almost immerse in the world of Pandora(Avatar Review). Specifically made by Vince Pace and filmmaker James Cameron, the Pace-Cameron System combines a modified type of stereoscopic 3D camera, a virtual camera and performance capture staging. Utilizing a virtual camera Cameron helped to film computer generated scenes in real time. For this movie, using the technology the director can jolly well look through the virtual camera and see the world of Pandora and its computer generated characters. He can manipulate staging, camera angle direction and manipulate commands to both the live and CG actors in the film. The augmented-reality view makes pulling the live action and the computer generated elements together giving a seamless look to the final project. Thus the entire sequence helps to make more of a realistic virtual world .Thus one could see the overwhelming response received by the movie . It was probably for the first time in the movie that characters used Lycra sensor suits on a sensory stage. The effects thus were enthralling and visually splendid. Thus the Lycra based sensors made sure that every bit of information about the movement of the artists are tactfully captured and thus exhibited. Avatar thus introduced an entire new era of filmmaking that has now become a sort of benchmark for all movie makers. It takes the concept of virtual reality to an entirely new level full of graphic images and actions that were developed using state of the art software’s and packages that were specifically developed for this movie. Thus one can jolly well say that Avatar proves that computer graphics are not meant to produce lifeless actions but their very motto is develop actions and sequences that are closer to reality and thus closer to being believed. Avatar had received a special audience response being even translated to vernacular languages across the globe . It added the perfect icing on the cake of Cameron’s movie ,thus portraying his love for technology and his love for taking cinematic experience by use of technology to all new level all together. His repertoire of movies if closely looked has been nothing short of splendid with iconic cult movies of the status of Terminator and Titanic. Each of his movie depicts the careful use of technology sometimes profoundly ground breaking to heighten the effect of film making and thus give a visual delight to the audience. Thus Avatar carries this tradition forward with Pandora and the Navy’s both the concepts although completely out of the world are made more believable by the superb use of technology specifically developed and crafted for the movie. Nonetheless Avatar is an icon in the world of sci-fi movies. It is also a digital visual treat for the audience.

The term fashion and its definition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The term fashion and its definition - Essay Example The essay "The term fashion and its definition" talks about the term fashion. The second reason is that there were many significant historical and politycal events. Nowadays the main motto of fashion is â€Å"Comfort!†, though it is difficult to speak about comfort wearing the high heels. Now it is possible to say that today fashion has a wide range of contradictions and it is not really easy to find the right way. Before speaking about fashion and its changes during the last decades it is very important to define the term â€Å"fashion† itself.The term fashion applies to a prevailing mode of expression. Inherent in the term is the idea that the mode will change more quickly than the culture as a whole. The terms "fashionable" and "unfashionable" are employed to describe whether someone or something fits in with the current popular mode of expression. The term "fashion" is often used in a negative sense, as a synonym for fads and trends. In this sense, fashions are esse ntially a relief from boredom, or a distraction from important matters, for the idle rich. The term is also frequently used in a positive sense, as a synonym for glamour and style. In this sense, fashions are a sort of communal art, through which a culture examines its notions of beauty and goodness. If to analyze the meaning of fashion it is possible to see that fashions are social psychology phenomena common to many fields of human activity and thinking. The rises and falls of fashions have been especially documented and examined.

Advertising Red Bull Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising Red Bull - Essay Example The Christians, they believe that only Jesus had such powers to walk over water, but if this drink was capable to make someone do what Jesus is the only one who could do, then it is portrayed to be as powerful as Jesus (Anne-Marrie, 2012). This British Company has received a slap on the cheek as it tried to make fun of the Titanic tragedy where more than 1,500 people lost their lives. The bad reception saw the company lose market all over the world as people tried to criticize them that it is so soon and not enough to make fun of such a tragedy moment (Kieran, 2013). The ad suggested that if Red Bull was on board, people who could have taken it could have had wings to fly away hence escaping death. It is because of this negative reception about the company that this ad program is being developed so that the company image can be regained and the business can boom once more. Product The Red Bull Company specializes in its main product of Red Bull energy drink. It actually found an oppo rtunity in the market gap where there was a need for an energy drink which is non-alcoholic. This product was specially designed for use by everyone, both children and adults and both believers like Christians and non-believers like pagans. The product had already gained fame in the global market, but this was recently declining due to the bad advert. Therefore, there is a great need for the company to restructure their ad in order to convince back its customers. Marketing Mix The company uses various strategies in order to capture and manage its market niche for this particular product. In its efforts to achieve this, the company has taken into consideration the exercise of the four Ps of marketing: product, price, place & promotion. Product: the company has ensured that its product is harmless to all age groups in the society hence it captures a wide customer base. The product can be used by the sportsmen, fatigued, the sick, and any other person who either requires refreshment or replenishment of lost energy in any kind of activity they are involved in. Price: the company has used various pricing strategies to enable all its users find it affordable everywhere in the world. The pricing captures both the wholesale and retail price prices where the big stores purchase the product at a wholesale price and sell it to the retailers at a different price, at least making profits. And the retailers also sell it to the consumers at a bit higher prices, but still affordable for the customers. Place: the company is a global company where it sells its products to the internationally in the global market. It gained fame very fast being that the product was more of a soft drink and could also provide the users with energy. Promotion: the product uses various media platforms to promote its product so that sales and popularity can be increased. The company has recently received a negative reception for using a bad ad which has made it lose market in most parts of the world . Therefore, the company plans to make good choices of adverts that will get a good reception and would not inflict any pain to the people’s feelings again. The company has always used media like the print media, social media, televisions, posters, billboards and events to promote their product all over the world (Ali, 2012). Choice of Media for the Advert The ad will be aired on the social media, especially on Facebook where billions of people visit on a daily basis; hence many people can be reached at a time. The

Crime Punishments in Islam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Crime Punishments in Islam - Research Paper Example For violators of its sacred rules of conduct, the traditional Islamic law provides a clear message of swift and severe punishment, (for example amputation, death by stoning and beheading) and the lingering fear of eternal damnation through Allah’s almighty power (Miethe and Lu, 163-164). Demystifying ‘Crime’ and ‘Punishment’ in the Islamic Religion When we examine the philological meaning of jinaya (perpetration of a crime), we see that it is derived from the verb jana (to commit a crime, to sin). It is defined as a crime or a sin which, if committed, makes retaliation mandatory for its perpetrator and incurs punishment in this world and in the hereafter. Thus, when it is said ‘jana ala nafsih wa ala ahlih’ (‘he perpetrated a crime against himself and his family’), such an evil is termed as jinaya. Technically, a jinaya is an aggression against a person or his rights, making retaliation or some other form of punishment mandat ory. Philologically, the word uquba (punishment) is a noun derived from the verb aqaba (to punish). It is used when a person incurs a punishment as a result of the sin that he has committed. Uquba is used to define restrictions placed by God in order to restrain men from doing what He has forbidden and to leave what He has asked them to leave (Haleem and Daniels, 29-30). Punishments under Islamic Law Punishment in pre-Islamic Arabia was based primarily on the principle of retaliation (lex talionis). Lacking a state or central authority in nomadic and tribal life to regulate conflict and disputes, punishment for wrongdoing was privately dispensed by the victim and affiliates such as extended family or patron tribes. However, because of the nature of communal life and strong kinship solidarity, there was also collective responsibility for any serious misconduct committed by a clan member (Miethe and Lu, 164). Categories of crime The Muslims categorized crime in several ways. Each cate gory of crime had a prescribed punishment. Crimes were categorized into such forms as adultery and fornication, murder and crimes to do with property and theft. Others are defamation (qadhf), crimes of taking some foods and drinks like wine among others. The distinct classifications are Hudud crimes, Qesas and Tazir. Hudud comprises of theft, adultery and drinking alcohol. Punishments for such crimes were flogging, amputations and stoning among others. Qesas crimes are retaliatory, the family of a murder victim, for instance, may demand compensation. Tazir crimes are less severe; their punishments include confinement, boycott or fines. According to Halim and Daniels, the judge in Islamic Sharia enjoys vast discretionary powers in fixing penalties, their amount, and their enforcement in such a manner that will help and restrain the culprit from the crime. This power does not extend absolutely, and is by no means free of constraints or restrictions. Rather, it is constrained by the ap propriate laws concerning this punishment and its suitability to the crime, the culprit and society, and the extent of the prevalence of crime in this society (Haleem and Daniels, 30). Haleem and Daniels further highlighted the specific punishments meant to deter the culprit and prevent crime. The punishments are imprisonment, banishment and exile from the place of the crime and the city in which it was perpetrated,

Macro and Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro and Microeconomics - Essay Example The exchange rate is 5.5francs/dollar meaning that one dollar is equivalent to 5.5 francs. Therefore, a Chrysler Neon costing 14,300 dollars will have the frank price calculate below: 1dollar = 5.5 francs 14,300 dollars= Franc price of Neon Using the principle of cross-multiplication, Price of Chrysler Neon = (14,300 dollars x 5.5 francs)/1dollar = 78,650 francs Question three Given that the franc depreciates by 9% and the initial exchange rate was 5.5 francs/dollar, the franc price of the shirt and dollar price of Chrysler Neon will be affected by the depreciation. If the franc depreciates by 9% from its previous dollar value, the dollar price of the shirt will also change as depicted in the following calculations. Depreciation = 9% Taking the original exchange rate, 5.5 francs/dollar, to be 100%, then the value after depreciation must be higher than the initial value by exactly the same amount as depreciation. New value = (100 + 9) % = 109% Therefore, the new exchange rate = (109/1 00) x 5.5 francs/dollar = 5.995 francs/dollar Hence, the new price of the shirt = (220 francs x 1 dollar)/5.995 = 37 dollars. ... The reason is that as the products become cheaper, the domestic and foreign demand of the products will increase. As currency devaluation increases competitiveness, demand for the country’s export increases, resulting in an increase in aggregate demand. According to macroeconomic principles, an increase in aggregate demand will cause an increase in GDP (Boyes & Melvin, 2011, pg.273). On another monetary perspective, France receipt from foreigners might increase due to currency devaluation and exceed the outgoing payments hence leading to an improved balance of payments. The fact that increased supply of foreign money leads to low supply of domestic currency highlights that an upward pressure will be placed on the domestic currency. Together with expensive imports due to currency devaluation, this pressure results in high price levels as well as higher GDP and employment levels. On the other hand, the depreciation in French franc will decrease the aggregate demand in United Sta tes. The currency devaluation means that the dollar will be stronger against the franc. As a result, the US imports from France will increase as the products in the country become cheaper. Comparatively, US products will be expensive and unpopular in the domestic and foreign markets. Aggregate demand which is dependent on price levels will decrease as more people will be opting to buy from France (Boyes & Melvin, 2011, pg.273). In the meantime, the gross domestic production will decrease as demand decreases. In addition, the franc depreciation will lead to a fixed exchange rate that is lower than the equilibrium exchange rate. This makes it cheaper for Americans to buy French goods and expensive for French people to

3.Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector Essay - 2

3.Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector matrix gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains - Essay Example the incorporation of both value chain analysis and commodity chain analysis, sector matrix analysis stands out as the most effective tool for businesses to generate better strategic understanding of product markets (Froud, Johal, Leaver and Williams, 2006). The sector matrix offer information about complex product markets unlike commodity chain analysis that is based on a linear analysis. This study will first expose the inherent weaknesses in the commodity chain analysis that makes the model ineffective in the modern product markets before embarking on suitability of sector matrix as the preferred tool that should be used to determine business policies. A commodity chain for any given product covers the necessary processes that take place to ensure at the end of the undertaken activities is a finished product. Since the development of commodity chain analysis, researchers have identified number of issues that limits the ability of the concept to provide an up to date analysis of product market situations (Kutting, 2004). This criticism has not only been from scholars outside the commodity chain perspective, but also from within. For instance, the different perspectives by scholars who use the commodity chains concept has resulted in the presence of two schools of thought where there are those in favour of the traditional world systems approach who are attributed with the introduction of commodity chain concept. The other school of thought that includes scholars such as Gary Gereffi and colleagues are in favour of a more encompassing tool for analysis and are therefore credited with the introduction of the global commodity chain (Ba ir, 2005). For instance, the transformation brought by globalization can be experienced when in the clothing industry the raw material is harvested in India but manufactured into yarn in Portugal. The yarn is then transported to Taiwan for colouring then to Poland where it is weaved. The other parts like buttons and rivets are

Business development proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

Business development proposal - Dissertation Example The proposal is for a purpose-built facility in Southwark. This location is selected for its consistency with student preferences as revealed by studies reported in the literature and by the Southwark Council. In addition, data revealed by Savills and Knight Frank also indicate that there is a significant market for purpose-built housing facilities and since LSCIT does not offer these facilities, this study investigates the feasibility of such facilities for LSCIT as a business opportunity. In this regard, students in London are interviewed about their lived experiences with accommodations in London and parents who fund international student’s residence in London participate in open-ended questionnaires about their preferences and perspectives on purpose-built housing facilities. The results of this study are discussed and in particular the implications for LSCIT are discussed. 1. Introduction The London School of Commerce and IT (LSCIT) is a higher education institution in Lo ndon offering undergraduate and post-graduate degrees in Business. Although LSCIT reaches out to international students it does not specifically offer students accommodations. The only accommodations offered is in the form of assistance through estate agents and this is only a temporary arrangement for students who are entering LSCIT from outside of London. The purpose of this report is to provide a business proposal for a purpose-built student housing facility for the London school of Commerce in London’s Southwark area. The London Borough of Southwark is a convenient location for the housing facility because, while it is a part of London, it is not entirely centrally located and therefore permits students to escape the higher prices of accommodations and general costs of living in Central London. Southwark is also noted for its history and was once home to Shakespeare, Chaplin and Dickens. In addition transport into the city, to airports and out of the city is available in Southwark and this is particularly appealing to foreign students. International students will also feel comfortable in Southwark as, 43% of students in Southwark’s schools speak English as a second language (Southwark Council, n.d.). International students and students who do not originate from London are both important to the continued success of LSCIT. A research report prepared by Kingdom (2012) reveals that with an increase in tuition for higher education in the UK, there was a 7.7% drop in applications for entry in 2012. However, international students remain strongly represented in the UK’s higher education institutions and in London in particular, one out of every three students are foreign (Kingdom, 2012). Over the last three years or so, the private sector’s provision of accommodations has increased and this increase is primarily spurred by international students. It is expected however, that there will be an increase in demand for purpose built housing as students faced with higher tuition looked for improved quality in their university experience including accommodations (Kingdom, 2012). According to a research report provided by Savills (2013), the student housing market in Europe is maturing and investors are looking for opportunities to invest in purpose build housing. One of the main drivers is cities such as London, where

Historical Analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Historical Analysis paper - Essay Example This has led to different people entering the country in an effort to find a means of livelihood. One of the greatest jobs that arises from the men and women of the United States getting employment in major companies is that of a househelp to take care of the house when the owners are absent. Many of the nannies in the United States come from Southern Asia in search of employment opportunities, and it is important to go through the various different cases of abuse that nannies go through specifically in California as compared to nannies in other parts of the United States. One of the areas with the highest number of abuse cases for nannies is California. The reason for this is that the local state authorities through the various institutions are yet to come up with a well-set system that advocates for the freedoms and rights of these immigrant nannies. In the United States, New York has the least amount of nanny abuse cases (Ann 104). The reason for this is that the local government in collaboration with national human rights groups has joined hands and instituted laws that ensure that the nannies receive quality treatment. One of the issues of abuse that nannies in California encounter as opposed to nannies in New York for example is working hours. Initially, many local nannies in the United States used to work for around sixty hours a week without any extra salary for the overtime hours. Just like California, New York has a very large population working in large corporations, and these people are often so busy that they forget the responsibilities that they have in ensuring that these Southeast Asian nannies receive the right amount of treatment. Around 10 years ago, New York did not have any instituted laws to govern the rights of these nannies and many times they were neglected and overworked. In late 2010, however, the New York Nanny Law came into action. Since then over 80 serious cases of househelp abuse have received a hearing from the responsible court s and have led to the payment of around 250000 dollars of unpaid wages for the workers (Watson & Virtamen). California is completely different from New York in terms of the advocacy of nanny rights. After the working of the law for two straight years in New York, activists sought to introduce the law in California that had shown a large increase in nanny abuse cases. This has, however, proved difficult with many excuses coming from local authorities. One of the most expansive excuses provided is the issues of funds. According to the California local authorities, the state does not have enough funds to go through the legal process of enacting this law stating that it requires a lot of labor and resources in order to get the message across to all households despite the presence of social and print media that are most effective in delivering the information. The authorities further claim that the process would appear slow as opposed to New York that has many of the households as apartm ents. Another challenge posed by the authorities is the fact that the labor industry is decentralized and fragmented, and the issue of nannies is personal. Being a private issue, engaging in discussions or rather activities that seem to violate this is a crime against the law. The New York Nanny Law has also made great strides regarding the health treatment of these nannies. At the beginning of the 21st century, the state of New York had a very large number of immigrant deaths. This raised an alarm and people

American Slavery 1606-1775 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Slavery 1606-1775 - Essay Example However, this also suggests that slavery was an important institution within the colonies long before the need for outside support was necessary. â€Å"Unquestionably it was a demand for labor which dragged the Negro to American shores, but the status which he acquired here cannot be explained by reference to that economic motive. Long before black labor was as economically important as unfree white labor, the Negro had been consigned to a special discriminatory status which mirrored the social discrimination Englishmen practiced against him.†2 This treatment of the black individual within the new continent began with the Spanish, expanded to the colonies as the native populations began dying out and became increasingly abhorrent in regards to denying human rights as the nation moved toward Revolutionary War. Initially, when the Spanish controlled the Caribbean islands, their interests were only in the mining of silver and gold. When the riches of the mines had been exhausted, the search for additional wealth moved inland and the Spaniards adopted a plantation based economy.3 Products from the Americas such as tobacco, cotton, cocoa and sugar were becoming increasingly popular in Europe which caused the Caribbean plantations growing these commodities to grow accordingly. The shortage of man-power to operate these ever-growing plantations required many numbers of slaves from Africa to be imported. As the Spaniards were reaping the rewards from its colonization of the Americas, their need for additional labor in the mines and plantations continued to grow. However, the local population was dwindling with the influx of disease and abuse and this, combined with Spain abolishing the enslavement of natives in the Americas in the mid 1500’s, necessitated a need to acquire Africans to fil l their labor requirements.4 In the initial phase of slavery in the

The Islamic Hegemony Essay Example for Free

The Islamic Hegemony Essay The course of world history could have been altered if a single detail in the events in the 1200’s was changed or did not happen, or a decision was roughly executed at the wrong time, place and situation. Other races or nations may have been the world’s superpower today if the right opportunities were present at that time, and it only means that what could be happening today may be reversed in an instant as not a single nation holds the monopoly of societal change. The world we know today could have been much different if Genghis Khan’s attempt to destroy the Persian Empire was defeated. In the next sections we will present a historical alteration of events and hypothesize on the consequences of Genghis Khan’s defeat with its repercussions on the political, cultural and economic environment of the present. Islamic armies have conquered much of the Central Asian region and converted the population to Islam before the Mongolian invasion of Persia in the 1200’s which halted the Muslim expansion. Whenever these Muslim warriors went, torture, massacre and abuse on the different nomadic tribes, Turkish, Mongolian and other non-Muslim people were perpetuated. The affair on the Silk Road was the only event which altered the course of history. If Genghis Khan was not able to defeat the Persians, it would have been possible that the Islamic Empire expanded East ward without facing any formidable resistance. China in 1279 during the Sung Dynasty has suffered from Mongolian attacks hence any organized resistance would be impossible and the disoriented armies formed to oppose the Muslims would be severely annihilated en masse. The possibility was great that the combined forces of Khwarazmian Empire’s of Shah Muhammad II of Eastern Iran and the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad could take hold of the territories that the Mongolian hordes have reached; India, China, Central Asia and farther up in Poland. Without the emergence of Pax Mongolica (Phillips 32), Muslim influence could have reached a vast expanse in Asia, Eurasia and the Caucasus for it was evident that the Muslim armies converted to Islam every nation or kingdom that they had conquered under the scimitar and the green flag. Thus, we would be having two of the world’s most populous nations (China and India) under Muhammad’s doctrines and such could greatly alter the balance of power in the contemporary history. With Islam as the world’s leading religion in terms of the number of believers. The factor that could have attributed to the Islamic success in dispersing its culture and belief is that unlike the Mongolians, who subscribed to the cultures of the conquered lands, they brought along with tem an organized religion and culture paired with iron will to impose their belief and culture by the sword. Later in Kublai Khan’s rule, he had planned to conquer Japan from the Korean Peninsula but was halted when the Mongolian fleet was destroyed by a typhoon. The Mongol leader attacked in 1274 but was unsuccessful due to a hurricane, known to the Japanese as the winds of the Kamikaze. Eight years later, Kublai struck again launching the largest naval brigade prior to the 1700s. However, the Mongol fleet was sunk by another massive hurricane. After these two disastrous failures, Kublai deserted his plans for the conquest of Japan. (Hooker 2) Imagine when the Islamic conquerors have annexed China into the Islamic sphere of influence with the Arabian dynasty on its helm, we would have a Muslim Japan, which is another world superpower today. With the occupation of China and Japan, it would have been easier for the Arab converters to take hold of South East Asian countries like Philippines, Indonesia and the Indochina and monopolize the political and religious power in the region, blocking the European colonial powers from acquiring their colonies (Dutch East Indies, Indochina and Philippines) in the early part of the 14th century. On the other side of the picture, Muslim armies were also waging a war in the Iberian Peninsula, taking Portugal and Spain from their bases in Egypt and North Africa. This could have spelled total disaster for the Christian armies that were also engaged in the Crusades aimed at retaking the Holy Land from the combined armies of different caliphates and kingdoms in the Middle East. This would be greatly altered in the event that the Islamic armies would be concentrated on the expansion in the European kingdoms. Europe at that time was facing constant disputes on its closely knitted states and principalities hence the political atmosphere was not conducive to economic activities. Without trade from the East (mainly referred to the Silk Road) the mercantile economy was paralyzed. The Mongol hordes rampaged Europe with: †¦A massive raid rather than a complete occupation; nevertheless, the picture she paints is chilling. Driving across the North German plain, the same route Cold War planners pictured for a Soviet invasion, the Mongols would have made use of expert reconnaissance to target plunder and grazing land. They would have sacked Belgium and Holland, destroying the embryonic financial centers of Europe. They would have turned south into France, destroying Paris and with it the revival of ancient philosophy that it would have hosted a few decades later. Perhaps they would have crossed the Alps and ravaged Italy, destroying the other birthplaces of the Renaissance†¦The Dark Ages were pure light compared to what could have happened (Dutch) With such factors, the European nations would not be able to reach a stage of economic growth. The Anglo Saxon and European kingdoms were limited to self-preservation and busied with internal conflicts, so if ever the Arabian Empire would pose a threat to the continent, the nations would not be able to respond accordingly. Though these nations were not totally annexed by the Arabian Empire, the age of explorations will not be like what it was in real history. The colonial powers of Europe may have not conquered parts of Africa because of a strong Islamic influence on the continent brought about by the healthy trade relations with the caliphates and emirates in the Islamic world. The Asian continents were already fortified with Islamic sultanates that had ensued from China, which was already an Islamic territory. The discovery of the New World may have not been possible because of the diverted attention of the European nations from exploration to warfare and territorial defense. The effects of these events could have paralyzed the entire European economy as they were scuttling for raw materials for their industries and caused a crisis in the production system making wars of aggression and annexation more often. It should be noted that the Crusades were, hypothetically, defeated by the Muslim armies thus, the Holy Land was in the sole custody of an Islamic state in the Palestine. If that was what had happened, there is a strong probability that the Zionist Israel will not exist therefore a more peaceful Middle East. It was also likely that the strong Islamic states have maintained the sovereignty of their oil resources and subsequently created a more prosperous oil industry free of European influences. Hence, the events that could have transpired in the 1200’s would have created a new world order wherein the Islamic culture is dominant. The majority of the world’s population could have been Muslims and with such superiority in number religious discrimination would be inexistent. It could have been possible that a nation in Middle East is today’s superpower not the United States. Such was the gravity of the alterations in world affairs that even as we speak, we would be subscribing to Arabic-speaking television networks. The dynamism of history is truly fragile. There are many possibilities in the historical development of human societies and each would yield another result. Works Cited Dutch, Steven. The Mongols. (1998). May 23, 2008 http://www. uwgb. edu/dutchs/WestTech/xmongol. htm. Hooker, Richard. The Establishment of the Bakufu. Japan, Korea and the Mongols. May 23, 2008 http://www. wsu. edu/~dee/FEUJAPAN/KAMAKURA. HTM. Phillips, E. D. The Mongols. Vol. 2. New York: Frederick A. Prager, 1969.

Using Hustle As A Cogent Business Strategy Business Essay

Using Hustle As A Cogent Business Strategy Business Essay Amar Bhides article, Hustle as Strategy (1986) describes how in industries where competitive advantage can be quickly imitated, the importance is placed on superior execution rather than superior planning. This is demonstrated throughout the article in the financial services industry. This essay firstly explores how Hustle as Strategy fits into the strategy debate, as well as considering the underlying assumptions the author makes about organisations and the environment. It provides an analysis of the article and the emergent approach to strategy. The field of strategy, particularly the prescriptive approach was formed due to the perceived need to reduce uncertainty in organisations (Downs et al 2003:81). Prescriptive strategy is discussed as long term planning, creating clear, articulated intentions and then endeavouring to implement them (Faulkner, 2002). Porter (1979) wrote that organisations should position themselves in the market by evaluating their external environment and creating competitive advantage by differentiating from competitors. However, as the business environment becomes more competitive and unpredictable, a new emergent approach to strategy formed (Figure 1). Accepting that uncertainty is here to stay, Eisenhardt and Brown (1998, p.787) suggest that strategy becomes successfully navigating at the edge of chaos and anarchy. Bhide (1986) uses the example of the financial services industry to demonstrate the need for emergent strategy over fixed plans. The article focuses on the financial industry but includes strategic comparisons with industries such as motoring. Chaffee (1985, p.202) comments that strategies must be situational and accordingly it will vary by industry. Eisenhardt and Brown (1998:787) suggest that in many industries, change is happening too fast for static strategy to be effective. Therefore, strategy formulation has become an exercise of trial, experimentation and discussion (Downs et al, 2003:5) with the emphasis on action rather than planning. Bhide (1986:61) agrees with this by suggesting that financial services companies have to earn their wings everyday because a successful strategy today may not work tomorrow (Eisenhardt and Brown, 1998:787). The author dismisses the traditional, prescriptive school of thought for this industry by explaining that due to the infungible nature of the financial products, they can be quickly imitated. It is suggested there is no steady stream of new opportunities available and so companies should focus doing their best to minimise failure. Bhide (1986:62) suggests that strategy should be like a game of poker, not chess, where financial companies focus on tactics and execution rather than erecting massive barriers to competitors (p.59). Bhide (1986:60) quotes Warren Buffett in saying that major sustainable competitive advantages are almost non-existent in the field of financial services. Financial services companies do not have a monopoly on good product ideas; therefore they need to secure customers by executing ideas better than their competitors. However, Porter (1996) disagrees by suggesting that having operational effectiveness is not enough for organisations and that these tactics result in some companies outlasting others, but provide no real advantage in the market. Bhide (1986) recognises that financial services companies need to implement a review system in order to not be irresponsible. He writes that financial companies need to review their performance and continually assess the risks. Whittington (2001:24) supports this idea by suggesting that organisations with an emergent strategy need to have enough structure to allow patterns to emerge, but not so much that it causes inflexibility and cost. It can be said that emergent strategy is not about the absence of authority, it is about finding better ways of doing things. It is the job of management to bolt together the daily actions of the organisation to provide a direction for the organisation rather than to provide a rigid plan of expectations. Hustle as Strategy is underpinned by several assumptions about the environment and organisations. These assumptions are formed based of the authors acceptance of the world as a chaotic and uncertain place. Due to the unpredictable nature of the environment the assumption is that new opportunities open up for organisations. A key assumption of the article is that organisations are able to adapt quickly to take advantage of the new opportunities. Bhide (1986:62) assumes this by writing that in order to consistently win in the market, a company must be able to quickly vary tactics to suit conditions. This is supported by Noe et al (2003, as cited in Downs et al 2003:7) who discuss how emergent strategies rely on the ability of an organisation to learn. Mintzberg (1978) suggests that a strategy emerges by developing patterns in actions over time, this could be said to be a form of organisational learning. A learning organisation is described by Johnson et al (2005) as one that has the continual capability to regenerate from the variety of knowledge, experience and individual skills within the culture. This process is said to occur from within the organisation and therefore the strategies emerge from within. It is said that the organisation should unlock the knowledge of individuals by sharing information and allowing them to become more sensitive to changes occurring around them. This assumption is also supported by Stacey (1996:188) who discusses the view of organisations as complex adaptive systems. It is suggested that organisations learn their way into an open- ended evolutionary space that can create their futures. Stacey also suggests that individuals in the organisation are agents in the system; therefore their behaviour in the system can ultimately impact the ability of the organisation to adapt. This leads to the second assumption of the article. Bhide (1986:60) assumes that their employees will quickly be able to adjust their tactics by suggesting that a financial institutions employees are a potentially versatile resource. The author writes that employees working in operations play a pivotal role in the success of other areas of the business. Therefore, the process of recruiting hustlers is an important activity. Organisations with emergent strategy are looking for employees that can revolutionise processes and therefore must encourage a culture that embraces change. This emphasis on human capital can be likened to the resource-based theory of strategy where the focus in put on the application of the valuable resources at the firms disposal (Barney, 1991). It can be argued when companies have similar resources to hand, but differing performance, that one company is utilising its resources better than the others. In a knowledge-based economy, the knowledge and skills of the workforce are an intangible resource that is difficult to be imitated by competitors. Prahalad and Hamel (1990) argue that they help to create core competencies that in turn gain competitive advantage. As a result, if employees have to adjust their tactics and become more flexible then the assumption is that management are willing to give their employees more responsibility for decision making. The organisation needs to be de-centralised; otherwise the speed of change is hindered by levels of bureaucracy. Allowing employees more responsibility means that those closest to the customers are more likely to develop practical and realistic ideas for success. It is possible to find strengths and weaknesses of the article and the wider debate of emergent strategy. Firstly, considering Hustle as Strategy, it is a strong example of emergent strategy in a prominent industry. It provides an insight into how strategy is formulated by organisations and has useful comparisons with alternative industries in order to clearly demonstrate the support for this strategy debate. It uses examples and quotes from successful organisations; however it does not detail how organisations may approach this kind of strategy unsuccessfully. A second strength of the article is that the authors assumptions are based on already widely discussed and generally accepted ideas about organisations and the environment. There is a wealth of theory available to back up claims and assumptions made. However, a weakness of the article is that the article focuses entirely on the emergent strategy. It has been argued by strategists that in fact, organisations are not perfectly prescriptive or perfectly emergent, but usually somewhere in between (Moncrieff, 1999). A strength of emergent strategy is that it allows organisations to act in real time. Organisations realise they cannot know everything and therefore act as reality evolves before them. This type of strategy allows senior management to let go of some of the organisational control by understanding that the employees are seeing the everyday activities and are better equipped to shape strategy than a traditional top down approach (Faulkner, 2002). However, an emergent strategy will not work in every context. This is especially so in industries where a large amount of capital has to be invested up front into a business activity, with the motoring industry as an example. A farther weakness of emergent strategy is related to the assumption that management will give up decision making and responsibility to their subordinates, in order to be more adaptable. However, in practice, managers find this threatening and therefore not become as flexible and adaptable as they could be. Also, it can be argued that management would need to create a clear vision and culture for the organisation, in order to create a suitable environment for employees to feel they have purpose and objectives. In conclusion, Bhide (1986) has successfully demonstrated the need for emergent strategy in financial services organisations by logically dismissing the alternative prescriptive approach. In an industry where competitive advantage is said to be non-existent due to low barriers to entry and imitable products, financial institutions have found a way to be different, in their execution. The assumptions of the article are realistic as strategists have long concurred that the business environment is fast-paced and organisations must learn to adapt to it. Overall, Bhide (1986) argues that financial services organisations should select the best hustlers to constantly challenge the vision of the organisation by finding new and better ways of doing things. The organisation must allow this change to occur in order to learn and evolve, without this they will become static and uncompetitive.

Durkheim: Suicide and Solidarity in Society

Durkheim: Suicide and Solidarity in Society Durkheim and Links Between Suicide and Solidarity in Society Emile Durkheims third piece of work was, Suicide published in 1897 and was a case study of which the title describes. A subject that Durkheim was very interested in along with suicide rates and the aspects of social life which had an impact on these statistics. Durkheims own definition of suicide was applied to all cases of death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result (Durkheim, extract from Suicide p110). This instrumental piece of writing looked more closely at the sociological reasons behind taking ones life rather than the personal or psychological reasons. Durkheim gathered suicide rates and statistics from many European countries and these were analysed and played a large part in his beliefs that, changes in social solidarity were linked to suicide rates. He also offered his theoretical opinions on the social aspects that also, played a part in these suicide statistics and this essay shall delve more deeply in to the links between suicide and the changes in social solidarity. Emile Durkheim was a great believer in sociology, social facts and the aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals, things like the state of the economy, religious influences or family. (Giddens, 1997). Social facts were important to Durkheim and he believed they ought to be studied seriously and as objectively as any other science. Durkheim was fascinated at how society was changing and transforming. That the very things that were important to society and glued it all together, values, morals and customs were changing with the times and to Durkheim this played a part in his conclusions on suicide and their rates. Durkheim spoke of society having sacred character and the emergence of sacred symbols. These were a key part of his theory. Durkheim focused much on social solidarity, he describes this as the belief systems and institutions which play a vital part in giving societies coherence and meaning in the way we relate to each other. As society changed it created new social situations and along with these came, what he called social conditions. These were things like severe neurosis and mental fatigue. All coming about as one type of society ends and another is born. He accounted several reasons for the changes in society, the boom of mass media, the vast increase in the use of steam power and scientific rationalism. Durkheim explained that morality was at the heart of social solidarity and its when social cohesion is lacking when those all important symbols, like religion and family, that bind us all together in a moral manner, fall to the wayside. These things taught us how to relate to one another and on their demise, society and how we achieve social solidarity demises also. In Durkheims words when society is strongly integrated, it holds the individual under its control (Durkheim,1982, Excert from Suicide p209). Durkheim makes a distinction between mechanical and organic solidarity. The first of which is what he considered to show the traits of a more traditional society. The division of labour was of a more simple nature and individuality was less common. He claims there was a far more collective consciousness and religion and god played a far bigger part in society. Mechanical solidarity occurs when individual differences are minimized and the members of society are much alike in their devotion to the common weal (Lewis A. Coser, 1971, Masters of Sociological Thought, p 30). Durkheim talks of legal codes and how when crimes are committed, they are offensive to the masses, not just the individual. In this type of society crimes and criminal behaviour are punished in a most serious way, sometimes even by death. In Durkheims own words an act is criminal when it offends strong and defined states of the collective conscience (Division of Labour, p 80). This contrasts strongly with how things are in this day and age and indeed when Durkheim noted changes in society, But today, it is said, punishment has changed it character, it is no longer to avenge itself that society punishes, it is to defend itself. (Division of Labour, p 86). Organic solidarity is related to a more modern society, where things are less traditional and things like family and religion are no longer at the very heart. This is a more capitalist society and has a high division of labour and specialised skills. The collective consciousness is less so and individuality is far more common. Social differences are obvious via class, race or gender. Specialized activities, different ways of living and individual dependence are all more common than within mechanical solidarity. Durkheim talks of the differences as individuals and as groups and thus a new form of social solidarity is born. Organic solidarity, presupposes not identity but difference between individuals in their beliefs and actions. The growth of organic solidarity and the expansion of the division of labour are hence associated with increasing individualism. (Giddens, p 77). Durkheims use of an organic analogy explains how he comes to use the term organic solidarity, Society becomes more capable of collective movement, at the same time that each of its elements has more freedom of movement. The solidarity resembles that which we observe among the higher animals. Each organ, in effect, has its special physiognomy, it autonomy. And moreover, the unity of the organism is as great as the individuation of the parts is more marked. Because of this analogy, we propose to call the solidarity which is due to the division of labour, organic. (Division of Labour, p 131). Durkheim believes that the division of labour, the rights given over more to individuals and that the division of labour was not a natural occurrence that benefited society and this is why organic solidarity was born. Durkheim spoke much on social solidarity and the division of labour. He argued that the process of transcending from mechanical to organic social solidarity was the very cause of new social and economic institutions and relationships. A more complex and specalised division of labour had not given the outcome Durkheim had predicted. He expected it would result in social economic meritocracy and this was not the case. Class conflict was one outcome of the division of labour. Anomic division of labour, Durkheim explains, happens in times of economic, commercial or industrial crisis. The unusual situation of conflict may occur between capital and labour and this would be seen as a non usual situation. Organic solidarity begins to break down and a state of anomie occurs. Forced division of labour happens when the division of labour does not continue organically. People may begin to act in ways that are aimed at protecting themselves or their position and constraints in place can cause inequalities between gender, race and or class. Durkheims interest in suicide and suicide rates within Europe stemmed from his belief that sociology could explain social malaise. He believed it was the path to modernity that caused social malaise. He also believed that psychology and neurology could only diagnose the problem not expose the social genus of condition. His interest in suicide was also stemmed from the division of labour in more modern societies and the importance of social solidarity on people. In another of Durkheims writings, Rules of the Sociological Method, he talked about the concept of anomie. Within his research he studied the suicide rates between catholics and protestants. He concluded that more protestants committed suicide than catholics did. His explanation for this was that catholics being more god fearing. and having more social control than protestants, stopped them from committing suicide as often as protestants did. Durkheim believes that the more social integration people have then the less likely they are to kill themselves. Those who have little social integration, less involvement in society, are more likely to kill themselves before they become a serious drain on society. According to Durkheim, changes in the modern world occur at such a speed and with such intensity, that social difficulties are born and these are what he link to anomie. A feeling of aimlessness or despair provoked by modern social life. (Giddens, (1997) It seems that part of this research could have been flawed. Durkheim didnt take in to account the guilt and shame that often came with Catholicism. Many times in the past catholic families would not declare their dead family members as having committed suicide for fear of not being given a proper burial or the shame faced by other members of the community. Therefore the statistics at that time could perhaps have been skewed down to these facts. Durkheim believed that the issues of social solidarity could well explain some of the reasons why people committed suicide. He believed those less involved and or couldnt identify with society were at risk of committing suicide or indeed those over involved with society too attached or unattached to the rules, morals, values and belief systems of society. Durkheim spoke of different typology of suicide, the first being Egoism and Altruism. Egoism suicide is when a person forms very little attachment to society. They cant see any worth in their own lives and suicide feels like a last resort.He claimed married people committed suicide less than people who were single and this was the typology that the protestants versus catholic rates would fall under. Altruistic suicide is the opposite effect. Its when a person develops an over attachment to the collective goals of society. He said this type occurs when people who belong to a tight knit group begin to feel threatened and in turn these types of suicide can almost be seen as honourable. More relevant today with suicide bombers, cult members and samurais. Durkheim described it as self destruction in defense. The second typology of suicide was anomic and fatalistic. The first being related too a person having a sudden and stressful change in their life circumstances. This could be from divorce to financial ruin, those who once held wealth and prestige and then faced to lose it all and become unemployed would perhaps commit anomic suicide. Fatalistic suicide, Durkheim explained was an intense over regulation of an individual by society. Therefore the types of people who may commit fatalistic suicide are slaves, prisoners of war or in earlier times perhaps women who remained unmarried or without children. Durkheim didnt consider this type of suicide to be common in the modern society. Durkheims work has been much accredited over the years. It was one of the largest studies carried out in a sociological perspective on suicide. His research methods and use of rates and statistics was innovative at the time it was carried out although as was the case with catholics versus protestants in regards to suicide rates, he did fail to take in to account the natural guilt that came with Catholicism. Some claim Durkheims approaches are too positive and or functionalist in nature. Durkheim puts huge emphasis on social facts and perhaps via this he fails to look more closely at personal phenomena. Others have claimed that Durkheims theories were not empirically supported . Durkheims work undoubtedly was remarkable in nature and offered a stunning insight in to suicide and the changes of social solidarity.

Extraordinary Potential of Man Revealed in Atlas Shrugged Essay

The Extraordinary Potential of Man Revealed in Atlas Shrugged  Ã‚   Freewill is the tenet on which men founded the United States of America, and the glory of "America the Beautiful" stems from the unlocked potential of its people. The callused hands of the laborers sip from the cup of American wealth, not the lazy plowman demanding government help. The inventor's mind synthesizes, theorizes, and designs the American dream, not the indifferent, insolent mechanic. The steel will of the industrialists propels the nation to greater heights, not the selfish arrogance of the beggar. The men who carry the weight of the world, Atlas and his proteges, do so by their incredible strength, not because of weakness, just as Ayn Rand asserts in her novel, Atlas Shrugged. Full of heroes and villains, Atlas Shrugged demands much from an intelligent reader. As global forces scheme to destroy various characters, Rand's continually acid wit and ironic tone set the stage for the various battles. One of the central characters in the novel, Hank Rearden, a steel magnate and tireless worker, invents a metal alloy that beats out all other steel alloys on the market. Naming it Rearden metal, Hank plans to storm the marketplace with his life's work, and make a bundle of money in the meantime. Dagny Taggart, a woman sharing with Rearden a vision of an America run by ingenuity, energy, and hard work, is the Vice-President in Charge of Operation for Taggart Transcontinental, a thriving railroad company. The two join forces, hoping to profit from their genius the old-fashioned way, by earning their fortune. Unfortunately, America refuses to allow these industrialists to follow their dreams. A creeping disease has infected the spirits of many A... ...l, purely logical absolutes leave no room for opposites to exist within them, and the defining characteristic of such absolutes are then lost. For example, absolute heat will not tolerate cold, yet how can we describe any heat without some reference to a colder temperature? By giving an example of Rearden's philosophy that works well despite the uncertainty of life, Rand reaches out to every man who has struggled for ideals. In reaching out to humanity through "Atlas Shrugged," Ayn Rand strengthened her argument about the basic goodness and extraordinary potential she believed all men could reach. Because this book takes incredible concentration to comprehend, understanding is left to individual effort, and Rand's permanent lesson for humanity is open to all seek her knowledge. Works Cited: Rand, Ayn. Atlas Shrugged. New York: Random House, Inc., 1957.

How changing the concentration changes the rate of reaction. :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

How changing the concentration changes the rate of reaction. Introduction We are going to look at the following factors during this investigation: 1 Why altering rate could be an advantage 2 Good ideas to control the rate of reactions 3 Briefly mention the factors that can change the rate of reaction such as: - Temperature Surface Area Catalyst Concentration I am going to find out if changing the concentration of nitric acid in water and see if it has any effect on changing the rate of which precipitate is formed when reacts with sodium thiosulphate. Prediction I think that a faster reaction will happen with a higher acid concentration as there will be more successful collisions with sodium thiosulphate, which will result in a faster reaction because the product will be produced quicker. Apparatus 1 Conical Flask 2 Beakers 3 Measuring Cylinders Paper with a black cross on Stopwatch Nitric Acid Sodium Thiosulphate Water Safety Glasses Method For my experiment I will measure out 25cm ³ of Sodium Thiosulphate and put it in a conical flask. I will put the flask on top of a piece of paper that has a black cross drawn on it. I will then measure 15cm ³ of Nitric Acid and add this to the Sodium Thiosulphate in the conical flask. The two should react together to make a cloudy precipitate and we are going to time how long it takes for the liquid to turn cloudy until we can’t see the cross underneath the glass anymore. We are going to carry this experiment out a number of times but each time we will decrease the volume of Nitric Acid by 1cm ³ and add 1cm ³ of water. Each time we will decrease the Nitric Acid and increase the volume of water to see which one holds the fastest reaction. Our final amount of Nitric Acid should be 5cm ³ and 10cm ³ of water. I will repeat the experiment 3 times to make sure that my results are as accurate as they can be. I will then record my results onto a graph so I can compare them better and make a line of best-fit graph to show my results even clearly. How will I make it a fair test? To make sure that my experiment is fair I will always use the same amount of Sodium Thiosulphate and the only factor I will change will be the volume of Nitric Acid and water but only to total 15cm ³ so the depth of the liquid will always be the same. Also, I will always use the same conical flask and wash it out after every time I have used it. Evaluation First of all we put our safety goggles on, and then we added 25cm3 of

Morality in the Bible?

Many speculations and debates had been flourished about the base morality in the bible. The Holy Bible has been there for centuries but still many condemns it by not believing to what is writer. Many take the teachings into their personal interpretation and practice without proper understanding of what they are undertaking. Bible is said to be the base or foundation in solving human morality. It has all the solutions to the chaos and conflicts. Let’s take into account of one controversy: Stated in Leviticus 17: 10-14, â€Å"And whatsoever man there be of the house of Israel, or of the strangers that sojourn among you, that eateth any manner of blood; I will even set my face against that soul that eateth blood, and will cut him off from among his people. For the life of the flesh is in the blood: and I have given it to you upon the altar to make an atonement for your souls: for it is the blood that maketh an atonement for the soul. Therefore I said unto the children of Israel, No soul of you shall eat blood; neither shall any stranger that so journeth among you eat blood. For it is the life of all flesh; the blood of it is for the life thereof: therefore I said unto the children of Israel, Ye shall eat the blood of no manner of flesh: for the life of all flesh is the blood thereof: whosoever eateth it shall be cut off.† This verse explains well how important blood represents in the Bible. Like an example, the blood of Jesus Christ was used as the cleansing of the sins of the world. This believe is of the Christians. â€Å"Is it morally right for blood to be transfused from one person to another? Most religions permit it, but the Jehovah's Witnesses argue that biblical principles properly understood condemn it. Who is right? When the Bible was being written, the technology for transfusing blood didn't exist, so the Bible did not directly address this problem. The same is true of numerous other technologies now available to us. The transplantation of body organs (including even cross-species transplants), artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, surrogate motherhood, genetic mapping, gene splicing–these are all technologies that were developed after the Bible was written, so what is the â€Å"correct† moral position to take on these issues? Through processes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transplantations, a woman in USA gave birth to her own grandchildren. Was it morally right for her to do this? What does the Bible say? Well, of course, the Bible doesn't say anything about this or any of the other technological procedures mentioned above. If we asked a hundred theologians to take their Bibles and resolve the moral dilemmas posed by these technologies, we would find ourselves hopelessly trapped in a maze of confusion when all of their answers were in (Till, Farell).† Many tribes across the world eat blood by including the blood in foods. Some drink it fresh. There are many ways how people intake the blood. What are the differences in blood transfusion and taking it in as food? Will this resolve the problem of moral ethics with regards to the notion of blood as sacred? As we may see, many views to this argument rise. This depends to how a person views this topic and has them believe as to what has been set by the norms. List of References Till, Farell. No Morality without the Bible. 28 Nov. 2003. The Skeptical Review Vol.5 #1. 01 December 2006 ;http://www.infidels.org/library/magazines/tsr/1994/1/1front94.html;. The American Stan

Law and Morality Essay

in that location has been an ongoing debate ab step to the fore the alliance betwixt honestfulness and pietism. Numerous writers and philosophers fix proffered arguments on how virtue is affected by in infect philosophy. The question it is believed is no longer if devotion affects natural integrity, it is to what issue is uprightness of nature affected by exampleity? And should at that place be some(prenominal) limitations on the relationship surrounded by police and religion? The lawfulness and object lesson philosophy contest has been persisting for m whatsoever years. Both the earthy law theorists and the positivistic law theorists would determine that at that place is a relationship in the midst of law and examples. The argument has now move to what degree good philosophy should play in law?The obvious indication that this has been set(p) to rest is HLA harts assignment illuminate at the onset of his support, fair play, casualness and Mor ality. He express that at that place is a definitive answer of yes, that historically and nervelessly law has been enamord by piety. In his book stag focused on the effective put throughment of clean philosophy and likewise this essay is interested with that question. It is believed this is the merely debatable divide between law and morals. The debate became a baking hot topic in the 1950s later on the creation of a commission to enquire and report back on versed moralities.The commission lead to the earthation of the Wolfenden extend in 1957. The report at it emergegrowth defined the purpose of criminal law as .. to preserve the public crop and decency, to protect the citizen from what is offensive and injurious and to tin sufficient safeguards against exploitation and corruption of others particularly the vulnerable, that is the young, weak in body or mind, inexperienced or those in a state of physical, official or economical dependence. The Law should n on intervene in the private lives of citizens or seek to en suck up any particular pattern of deportment further than necessary to carry out the above purpose.Before embarking on the password proper, a definition is required for theology and for what law is. Morality according to the Merriam-Webster online lexicon is (a) a doctrine or arranging of moral conduct (b) particular moral principles or rules of conduct or (c) form to ideals of right hu objet dart conduct. Law on the other hand is defined as a binding custom or practice of a comm unit of measurementy a rule of conduct or treat prescribed or formally accepted as binding or oblige by controlling authority. That is ethics is non enforceable by its definition composition law is.Moralities argon normative rules employ to a beau monde or a sub-group of inn that does non bind them in a courtyard of law. The exclusively enforceability of morality by its definition is from the group applying colleague pressure. in that respect atomic number 18 two primary(prenominal) checks of thought in this divide between law and morality, the natural law theorists and the positive law theorists. The natural law school bases frequently of their ideas of law in their phantasmal beliefs or other transcendental force oftentimes(prenominal) as nature. While positivists p go away that law has no necessary origination in morality and that it is simply unthinkable to assess law in cost of morality.Opposition Supporters of the legal positivist school, such as hart and Mills, purports that law should be in a different orbital cavity from morality. Utilitarianism, a subgroup of the positivism, believes that laws should solely serve for the maximation of utility or happiness for the majority. hindquarters Stuart Mills express that instead of friendship imposing morality on sh bes of a fiat, the humanity-to-mans should be free to choose their declare conduct. Utilitarians are not concerned wi th the morality of law. They believe that law should only play a token(prenominal) role in an psyches life.Persons should be free to do any(prenominal) they want as long as it does not terms another. This is referred to as the harm principle. Mills express the only purpose for which power can in truth be exercised over any member of a civilised community against his allow is to prevent harm to others. Mills went on and tell that not even for the individuals own good should such power be exerted. This argument is re exclusivelytable in that not because there was no neighboring(a) physical harm to another, there was no harm.It could be argued that some star winning drugs or proliferating pornography causes ripple effects that whitethorn event in harm to others. lampblack promotes women as familiar objects and thereby promotes sexual violence against women. Drug users, by their feature effect, require led to the growth of great(p) underworlds that not only supply drugs bu t commits direct victim crimes such as murder. If Mills theory is to be adhered to, this would call back that even in a lieu of explicit sadomasochist sexual practices that could result in the injury to participants, the law should not ascertain involved to prevent harm.This is because the individuals consented to such acts and no wholeness will be harmed still the willing participants. In this light R v Brown would concur been refractory incorrectly. Hart said that the judge in Shaw v DPP, where the defendant was convicted for conspiracy to corrupt public morals after publish a booklet containing details of prostitutes and their sexual practices, seemed willing to pay a amply price in terms of the give way of other values for the establishment or re-establishment-of the court as custos morum. The value Hart was referring to is the justice principle of Lon air-filled.He was suggesting the vox populi made the law imprecise and thereby itself illegal. Fuller suggests th at for law to be moral there must(prenominal) be ogdoad elements referred to as the inner morality of law or principles of legality or procedural natural law. The eight elements are universality, promulgation, non-retroactivity, clarity, non-contradiction, capability of compliance, constancy and congruence. These elements Fuller suggests are what a good legal ashes should aspire for but no one system has or is evaluate to unblemished all elements.However, significant lack of these elements whitethorn mean that a system is an flagitious legal system and could support tyranny. Fuller said that tyranny is a result of the break down of the internal morality of law and was the case in Nazi Ger many a(prenominal). Hart made that very linkup between the principles of legality and tyranny when he suggested that there was no adherence to the principles of legality in Shaw v DPP and by extent was in itself immoral law. The central occupation with morality is whose morality is the ri ght morality to enforce.Nazi Germany is the best example of law enforcing morality. This is why caution must be used with the continued growth of the court making moral judgements and pronouncing itself as the custos morum. Hart said that there are some(prenominal) flaws with the use of law to enforce morality and if no such enforcement bes it would not inescapably lead to the dis integrating of bon ton. He said that society can support several(prenominal) different and sphere of morality. What is considered moral in one outlandish is not inescapably the same in another.On a smaller scale, what is considered moral in one religion indoors a coun raise may not fit square for another, yet they can exist in relative harmony through joint respect. He alike said that by using law to enforce morality will result in the stagnating of morals in time. It is evident that morality assortments with time and what was immoral years ago would not be immoral today. Sometimes the animat e laws do not match changes in societal. In the case R v R, where a husband was charged with attempt enchant of his wife, the existing law at the time was outdated in respect of the current moral standards of society.If the courts had followed the law as was, they would directly contradict the will of society and the husband would not have through with(p) anyaffair illegal. In that case the court made a value judgement, one ground in morality to adapt to the change in the morality of society and nominate that a husband could in item rape his wife. This case demonstrates the role morality plays in law. If courts did not have any moral basis, then this may lead to disconnect between the law and society. In R v R the courts had a choice each observe an immoral precedent or to adapt itself to the changing morality of the society.Although the judges may try to propound that they only declared what the law was, this judgement is one on moral basis. Should the judges have followed the law at the time that a man cannot rape his wife? Wouldnt that have led to an conflictment on the womans individual right? Are judges the right people to expound morality? Supporters The idea that morality has no come in law has been refuted by many theorists such as Hyman Gross and manufacturer Devlin. Gross contended that Law and morality are one and the same.Laws are inherently moral and that is why acts like murder, rape and thieving have been made illegal. Law and morality cannot be separated as the society fashions law based on the conception that the behaviour being address has to be immoral or undesirable by the reasonable man. The problem with this view is that this cannot apologise acts that are prohibited by law but not immoral or the reverse. Sex outside of marriage brings a very strong brotherly torment but no one believes that fornication rise to the level for legal reprimand.Devlin argued that there is an be moral net that hold ins society together and it should be protected by law. His approach has some aspect of social veer theory, which suggests that everyone in society is there by agreement. He said that to exist in a society there must be some general principles that members have a consensus on. It could be said to be analogous to a family. In a family there may be several different personalities, but what keep them functioning like a unit is that there are underlying confusable values that act as a cohesive bond between members.Devlin said in The Enforcement of Morals (1959) that Societies crumble from within more frequently than they are broken up by external pressures. in that location is disintegration when no common morality is observed and history shows that the loosening of moral bonds is often the first stage of disintegration, so that society is justified in taking the same steps to preserve its moral code as it does to preserve its politics the suppression of vice is as much the laws business as the suppress ion of subversive activities. Former minister of religion of Justice of Jamaica, Senator Harding, in his speech at the inaugural lecture at the imbed of Law and Economics said it would have been helpful if Lord Devlin had provided examples of some red-brick societies which have disintegrated because of the loosening of moral bonds. And it exponent be a better thing for some societies to disintegrate by loosening its moral bonds. Nazi Germany comes to mind those societies disintegrate from within more frequently than there are broken up by external pressures Devlin said that it is morals that hold society together and should therefore influence the development of law.He goes further and said that even if private acts are considered to create sufficient public disgust, that is if the reasonable man finds this act so unacceptable then it threatens the moral fabric of society and should be subject to criminal punishment. He describes a limit of tolerance as to how much of an immoral act society or the reasonable man can tolerate. at a time society passes this limit then something must be done to intervene. Lord Devlin did not suggest that it is all immorality that should be sanctioned.He suggested that the ones that bring right-minded man to disgust should be. It is not believed that Devlin was out of daub with the state of developing individual liberty. It is how off the beaten track(predicate) those individual liberties will be allowed to infringe on the general public morality and liberty? There needs to be a respite between the individuals right and the general publics. Lord Devlin asked if society has the right to make judgment on individual morality. He answered yes, and this seems to be the accepted approach in R v Brown and Shaw v DPP.There is no where in the retiring(a) were law has developed in an abstract. Law has developed along with the social changes as R v R Devlin also proposed a guideline for the implementation of statutes. He supported i ndividualism and suggested that persons should have the maximal amount of freedom to do as they wish, except when it conflicts with the societys integrity. He also said that law should only be created to sanction behaviours that are gross, not just merely immoral. And finally, the law should only set the minimum basic standards expected of individuals.Conclusion Morality is important to the integration of society and if the mythical social contract theory has any weight it is in fact as Devlin suggest the web that holds it together. However, it can also be serious and may also be the underlying reason for actual disintegration of society as in Nazi Germany. There is no correct answer or side. The answer rest in the agreement the balance between the individual right and that of society, the balance between the positivist and the naturalist, the balance between the heterosexual and the homosexual.The individual should have the right to do as he feels but there has to be limitations. The extremes of either side of the debate are the jeopardy zones but the answer lies in the indefinable, undeterminable shadows of the gray that rest between the divide. Bibliography 1. MDA Freeman, invention to Jurisprudence 8th mutant (Sweet & Maxwell) 2. Httpsixthformlaw. information/01_modules/other_materials/law_and_morality_/08_hart_devlin. htm 3. HLA Harts, Law, self-direction and Morality (University of Stanford Press) 4. Dwight Bellanfante, Keep the law out of Gays Bedroom (The Jamaica Observer October 31, 2004).5. Elliott & Frances Quinn, position Legal dodge eleventh chance variable (Longman-Pearson, UK), 6. Criminal Law, Clarkson and Keating, (Sweet & Maxwell), 2007 7. Gary Slapper And David Kelly, The side Legal scheme eleventh Edition (Routledge, UK) Page 1 . Law, Liberty and Morality, H. L. A Hart, Stanford University Press, 1963. Page 1 2 . Catherine Elliott & Frances Quinn, side of meat Legal System 11th Ed (Longman-Pearson, UK), Page 657 3 . http//ww w. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/morality, accessed twentieth October 2010. 4 . http//www. merriam-webster.com/dictionary/law, accessed 20th October 2010. 5 . Gary Slapper And David Kelly, The face Legal System 11th Ed (Routledge, UK) Page 6 . Catherine Elliott & Frances Quinn, English Legal System 11th Ed (Longman-Pearson, UK), Pg 655-656 7 . Law, Liberty and Morality, HLA Hart Stanford university Press, 1963, page 3 8 . Ibid 9 . Catherine Elliott & Frances Quinn, English Legal System 11th Ed (Longman-Pearson, UK), Page 656 10 . 1993 2 All ER 75 11 . 1961 2 W. L. R 897 12 . Law, Liberty and Morality, HLA Hart Stanford university Press, 1963, page 7 13 .1961 2 W. L. R 897 14 . Catherine Elliott & Frances Quinn, English Legal System 11th Ed (Longman-Pearson, UK), Pg 658 15 . Ibid 16 . 1992 1 A. C. 599 17 . 1994 1A. C. 212 18 . Criminal Law, Clarkson and Keating, harming & Maxwell, 2007 19 . Keep law out of gays bedrooms says Harding, Dwight Bellanfante, Observer s taff reporter Sunday, October 31, 2004 20 . 1994 1A. C. 212 21 . 1961 2 W. L. R. 897 22 . 1992 1 A. C. 599 23 . Catherine Elliott & Frances Quinn, English Legal System 11th Edition (Longman-Pearson, UK), Page 658.